Heat treatment (Heat treatment) zvinoreva simbi yekupisa umo zvinhu zvinodziyirwa, zvinobatwa uye kutonhodzwa nenzira yekupisa munzvimbo yakasimba kuitira kuwana sangano rinodiwa uye zvivakwa.
I. Kurapa Kupisa
1, Normalizing: simbi kana zvidimbu zvesimbi zvinopisa kusvika kune yakakosha nzvimbo ye AC3 kana ACM pamusoro pekushisa kwakakodzera kuchengetedza imwe nguva yenguva mushure mekutonhora mumhepo, kuwana pearlitic rudzi rwesangano rekugadzirisa kupisa.
2, Annealing: eutectic simbi workpiece inopisa ku AC3 pamusoro pe20-40 madhigirii, mushure mekubata kwenguva yakati rebei, nechoto chakanyorova zvishoma nezvishoma (kana kuvigwa mujecha kana lime kutonhora) kusvika 500 madhigirii pasi pekutonhora mumhepo kupisa kupisa maitiro. .
3, Solid solution kupisa kurapwa: iyo alloy inopisa kune yakakwira tembiricha imwe-chikamu dunhu rekugara tembiricha kuchengetedza, kuitira kuti chikamu chakawandisa chinyungudutswe kuita yakasimba mhinduro, uye yobva yatonhodzwa nekukurumidza kuti iwane supersaturated yakasimba mhinduro yekupisa kurapwa maitiro. .
4, Kuchembera: Mushure mekugadzirisa kwakasimba kupisa kurapwa kana kutonhora kwepurasitiki deformation yealloy, kana yaiswa pakamuri tembiricha kana kuchengetwa pane tembiricha yakakwira zvishoma pane tembiricha yekamuri, chiitiko chezvivakwa zvayo chinochinja nekufamba kwenguva.
5, Solid solution kurapwa: kuitira kuti alloy muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinyunguduke zvizere, simbisa mhinduro yakasimba uye uvandudze kuoma uye kusagadzikana kwemarara, kubvisa kushushikana uye kupfava, kuitira kuti uenderere mberi nekugadzirisa kuumbwa.
6, Kurapa kuchembera: kupisa uye kubata pakupisa kwekunaya kwechikamu chekusimbisa, kuitira kuti kunaya kwechikamu chekusimbisa kunaya, kuomeswa, kuvandudza simba.
7, Kudzima: simbi austenitization mushure mekutonhodza pane yakakodzera kutonhora mwero, kuitira kuti workpiece mumuchinjikwa-chikamu chezvose kana imwe nhanho yekusagadzikana kwehurongwa hwehurongwa hwakadai semartensite shanduko yekupisa kurapwa.
8, Kupisa: iyo yakadzimwa workpiece ichapiswa kusvika padanho rakakosha re AC1 pazasi tembiricha yakakodzera kweimwe nguva yenguva, uye yobva yatonhodzwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nenzira, kuitira kuti iwane sangano rinodiwa uye zvivakwa zve kupisa kurapwa maitiro.
9, Simbi carbonitriding: carbonitriding iri pamusoro pedenga resimbi panguva imwe chete kupinza kabhoni uye nitrogen maitiro.Tsika carbonitriding inozivikanwa zvakare se cyanide, yepakati tembiricha gasi carbonitriding uye yakaderera tembiricha gasi carbonitriding (kureva gas nitrocarburizing) inonyanya kushandiswa.Chinangwa chikuru chepakati tembiricha gasi carbonitriding ndechekuvandudza kuomarara, kupfeka kusagadzikana uye kuneta kusimba kwesimbi.Yakadzika-tembiricha gasi carbonitriding kune nitriding-yakavakirwa, chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekuvandudza kupfeka kusagadzikana kwesimbi uye kuruma kuramba.
10, Tempering treatment (kudzima nekudzikamisa): tsika yakajairika inodzimwa uye kudzikamiswa patembiricha yakakwira musanganiswa nekupisa kunozivikanwa sekupisa.Kupisa kurapa kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya muakasiyana ezvimiro zvakakosha zvikamu, kunyanya izvo zvinoshanda pasi pekuchinjana mitoro yekubatanidza tsvimbo, mabhaudhi, magiya uye shafts.Tempering pashure tempering kurapwa kuwana hasha sohnite sangano, ayo michina zvinhu zviri nani pane zvakafanana kuomarara normalized sohnite sangano.Kuomarara kwayo kunoenderana nekupisa tembiricha yekupisa uye simbi yekudzikamisa kugadzikana uye workpiece muchinjiko-chikamu saizi, kazhinji pakati peHB200-350.
11, Brazing: ine brazing zvinhu zvichava maviri marudzi workpiece kudziyisa kunyunguduka bonded pamwe kupisa kupisa muitiro.
II.Tiye maitiro ekuita
Metal kupisa kurapwa ndeimwe yeakakosha maitirwo mukugadzira michina, kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe machining maitiro, kupisa kupisa kazhinji hakuchinji chimiro cheiyo workpiece uye yakazara kemikari kuumbwa, asi nekushandura iyo yemukati microstructure yeworkpiece, kana kushandura kemikari. kuumbwa kwepamusoro pebasa rekushanda, kupa kana kuvandudza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekushanda.Iyo inoratidzirwa nekuvandudzwa kwemukati wemukati weiyo workpiece, iyo kazhinji isingaonekwe neziso rakashama.Kuti uite simbi workpiece neinodiwa mechanical properties, zvinhu zvemuviri uye makemikari zvinhu, kunze kwekusarudzwa kwakanaka kwezvinhu uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuumba, nzira yekurapa kupisa inowanzokosha.Simbi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa zvinhu muindasitiri yemakanika, simbi microstructure yakaoma, inogona kudzorwa nekupisa kurapwa, saka kupisa kwekupisa kwesimbi ndiko kunowanikwa kukuru kwesimbi kupisa kupisa.Mukuwedzera, aruminiyamu, mhangura, magnesium, titanium uye mamwe alloys anogonawo kuva kupisa kurapwa kuti achinje mashandiro ayo, emuviri uye kemikari, kuitira kuti awane kushanda kwakasiyana.
III.Tiye process
Maitiro ekupisa kupisa kazhinji anosanganisira kudziyisa, kubata, kutonhora matatu maitiro, dzimwe nguva kungodziya uye kutonhora maitiro maviri.Aya maitiro akabatana kune mumwe nemumwe, haagone kukanganiswa.
Kupisa ndeimwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekurapa kwekupisa.Metal kupisa kurapwa kwemaitiro akawanda ekudziya, yekutanga ndeye kushandiswa kwemarasha nemarasha senzvimbo yekupisa, iko kushandiswa kwemazuva ano kwemvura uye gasi mafuta.Kuiswa kwemagetsi kunoita kuti kudziyisa kuve nyore kudzora, uye pasina kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.Kushandiswa kwezvitubu izvi zvinopisa zvinogona kudziyirwa zvakananga, asiwo kuburikidza nemunyu wakanyungudutswa kana simbi, kune zvidimbu zvinoyangarara zvekupisa zvisina kunanga.
Kupisa kwesimbi, iyo workpiece inoratidzirwa kumhepo, oxidation, decarburization inowanzoitika (kureva, iyo yepamusoro kabhoni yemukati yezvikamu zvesimbi kuderedza), iyo ine mhedzisiro yakaipa kwazvo pamusoro pezvimiro zvezvikamu zvinopisa.Naizvozvo, iyo simbi inofanirwa kunge iri mumhepo inodzorwa kana inodzivirira mhepo, yakanyungudutswa munyu uye vacuum kudziyisa, asiwo inowanikwa machira kana kurongedza nzira dzekudzivirira kudziyisa.
Kupisa kwekushisa ndeimwe yeakakosha maitiro parameters ekugadzirisa kupisa, kusarudzwa uye kutonga kwekupisa kwekupisa, ndeyekuvimbisa hutano hwekupisa kwehutano hwezvinhu zvikuru.Tembiricha yekudziya inosiyana neyakagadziriswa simbi uye chinangwa chekurapa kupisa, asi kazhinji inodziya pamusoro peiyo tembiricha yekuchinja kuti uwane yakanyanya tembiricha sangano.Mukuwedzera, kushandurwa kunoda imwe nguva yenguva, saka kana pamusoro pesimbi workpiece kuwana inodiwa kupisa tembiricha, asiwo inofanira kuchengetedzwa panguva tembiricha iyi kwenguva yakati, kuitira kuti mukati uye kunze tembiricha. anowirirana, kuitira kuti microstructure shanduko ikwane, iyo inozivikanwa senguva yekubata.Iko kushandiswa kwepamusoro pesimba density kudziyisa uye kupisa kwepamusoro kurapwa, mwero wekupisa unokurumidza kukurumidza, kazhinji hapana nguva yekubata, nepo kemikari kupisa kwekubata nguva kunowanzo kureba.
Kutonhodza zvakare inhanho yakakosha mukurapa kwekupisa, nzira dzekutonhora nekuda kwemaitiro akasiyana, kunyanya kudzora mwero wekutonhora.General annealing kutonhora mwero ndiyo inononoka, kuenzanisa mwero wekutonhora kunokurumidza, kudzima mwero wekutonhora kunokurumidza.Asi zvakare nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi uye dzine zvinodiwa zvakasiyana, senge simbi yakaomeswa nemhepo inogona kudzimwa neyakafanana yekutonhora chiyero seyakajairwa.
IV.Process classification
Metal kupisa kurapwa maitiro anogona kuganhurwa zvakaganhurwa kuita kupisa kwese kurapwa, pamusoro kupisa kurapwa uye kemikari kupisa kurapwa kwemapoka matatu.Zvinoenderana neyekudziya svikiro, tembiricha yekudziya uye kutonhora nzira yemhando dzakasiyana, chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinogona kusiyaniswa muhuwandu hwakasiyana hwekupisa kupisa maitiro.Iyo simbi imwechete inoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekupisa kupisa, inogona kuwana masangano akasiyana, nekudaro iine midziyo yakasiyana.Simbi nesimbi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa simbi muindasitiri, uye simbi microstructure ndiyo yakanyanya kuoma, saka kune akasiyana simbi kupisa kupisa maitiro.
Pakazara kupisa kurapwa ndiko kupisa kwese kweiyo workpiece, uye yobva yatonhodzwa pamwero wakakodzera, kuti uwane inodiwa yemetallurgical sangano, kuitira kuti ichinje yayo yese michini yemidziyo yesimbi kupisa kurapwa muitiro.Yakazara kupisa kurapwa kwesimbi inosvika pakureba, normalizing, kudzima uye kudziyisa mana akakosha maitiro.
Process zvinoreva:
Annealing ndiyo workpiece inopisa kusvika kune yakakodzera tembiricha, zvinoenderana nezvinhu uye saizi yeworkpiece uchishandisa akasiyana kubata nguva, uye wobva watonhodzwa zvishoma nezvishoma, chinangwa ndechekuita sangano remukati resimbi kuti riwane kana kuswedera kune equilibrium state. , kuwana maitiro akanaka ekuita nekuita, kana kuti kuenderera mberi nekudzima kwesangano regadziriro.
Normalizing ndiyo workpiece inopisa kune yakakodzera tembiricha mushure mekutonhora mumhepo, mhedzisiro ye normalizing yakafanana neannealing, chete kuwana sangano rakanaka, rinowanzo shandiswa kuvandudza kucheka mashandiro echinhu, asi zvakare dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa kune mamwe iyo isinganyanyi kudikanwa zvikamu seyekupedzisira kupisa kurapwa.
Kudzima ndiyo workpiece inopisa uye insulated, mumvura, mafuta kana imwe inorganic munyu, organic aqueous mhinduro uye imwe quenching svikiro kukurumidza kutonhora.Mushure mekudzima, zvikamu zvesimbi zvinova zvakaoma, asi panguva imwechete zvinova brittle, kuitira kubvisa brittleness panguva yakakodzera, zvinowanzodiwa kushatirwa panguva yakakodzera.
Kuti uderedze brittleness yezvikamu zvesimbi, zvikamu zvesimbi zvakadzimwa pane tembiricha yakakodzera yakakwira kupfuura tembiricha yekamuri uye yakaderera pane 650 ℃ kwenguva yakareba yekuvharira, uye yozotonhodzwa, maitiro aya anonzi tempering.Anealing, normalizing, quenching, tempering ndiyo yakazara kupisa kurapwa mu "moto mina", iyo yekudzima uye kupisa kwakabatana zvakanyanya, inowanzoshandiswa pamwe chete, imwe inokosha."Moto ina" ine tembiricha yekudziya uye kutonhora modhi yakasiyana, uye yakashandura nzira yakasiyana yekurapa kupisa.Kuti uwane imwe dhigirii yesimba uye kuoma, kudzima uye kudziya pakupisa kwakanyanya kusanganiswa nemaitiro, anozivikanwa sekudziya.Mushure mekunge mamwe maalloys adzimwa kuti aite supersaturated solid solution, anobatwa patembiricha yekamuri kana pane tembiricha yakakwira zvishoma kwenguva yakareba kuitira kuvandudza kuoma, simba, kana magetsi emagetsi ealloy.Kupisa kwakadaro kunonzi kurapwa kwekukwegura.
Pressure processing deformation uye kupisa kurapwa zvinobudirira uye zvakanyatsobatanidzwa kuita, kuitira kuti workpiece kuwana simba rakanaka kwazvo, kuomarara pamwe nzira inonzi deformation kupisa kurapwa;mune yakashata-kudzvanywa mhepo kana vacuum mukupisa kurapwa kunozivikanwa sevacuum kupisa kurapwa, izvo zvisingaite chete kuita kuti workpiece isaite oxidize, isa decarburize, chengetedza pamusoro peiyo workpiece mushure mekurapwa, kuvandudza mashandiro eiyo workpiece, asi. zvakare kuburikidza neosmotic agent yemakemikari kupisa kurapwa.
Kupisa kwepamusoro kurapwa kunongopisa iyo yekumusoro layer ye workpiece kuti ichinje ma mechanic properties yeaya epamusoro yesimbi kupisa kwekuita.Kuti ungopisa nzvimbo yebasa rekushanda pasina kupisa kwakanyanyisa kuendeswa kune workpiece, kushandiswa kwemhepo inopisa kunofanira kuva nehuwandu hwemasimba emagetsi, kureva, munzvimbo yechikwata che workpiece kupa simba guru rekupisa, saka kuti nzvimbo yepamusoro ye workpiece kana yemunharaunda inogona kuva nguva shoma yenguva kana kuti pakarepo kusvika pakupisa kwepamusoro.Kupisa kwepamusoro kurapwa kweiyo nzira huru dzekudzima moto uye induction kupisa kupisa kurapwa, kunowanzo shandiswa kupisa sosi senge oxyacetylene kana oxypropane murazvo, induction ikozvino, laser uye electron beam.
Kemikari kupisa kurapwa isimbi yekupisa kupisa maitiro nekushandura makemikari kuumbwa, kurongeka uye zvimiro zveiyo yepamusoro layer ye workpiece.Kemikari kupisa kurapwa kunosiyana nepamusoro kupisa kurapwa mune iyo yekutanga inoshandura kemikari yemhando yepamusoro yeworkpiece.Kemikari yekupisa kurapwa inoiswa pane workpiece ine kabhoni, munyu midhiya kana zvimwe alloying zvinhu zvepakati (gasi, mvura, yakasimba) mukudziya, kuvharira kwenguva yakareba, kuitira kuti iyo yekumusoro layer ye workpiece infiltration yekabhoni. , nitrogen, boron uye chromium nezvimwe zvinhu.Mushure mekupinda kwezvinhu, uye dzimwe nguva mamwe maitiro ekurapa kupisa akadai sekudzima uye kupisa.Nzira huru dzemakemikari ekupisa kurapwa ndeye carburizing, nitriding, simbi kupinda.
Kurapa kwekupisa ndeimwe yenzira dzakakosha mukugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvemakanika uye molds.Kazhinji kutaura, inogona kuve nechokwadi uye nekuvandudza akasiyana siyana eiyo workpiece, senge kupfeka kuramba, corrosion resistance.Inogona zvakare kuvandudza kurongeka kweiyo blank uye kusagadzikana mamiriro, kuitira kufambisa kwakasiyana kutonhora uye kupisa kugadzirisa.
Semuyenzaniso: white cast iron mushure menguva refu annealing kurapwa inogona kuwanikwa malleable cast iron, kunatsiridza plasticity;magiya ane chaiyo kupisa kupisa maitiro, hupenyu hwesevhisi hunogona kunge hunopfuura kwete kupisa-kugadziriswa magiya nguva kana makumi enguva;uyezve, isingadhuri kabhoni simbi kuburikidza nekupinda kweimwe alloying zvinhu zvine imwe inodhura alloy simbi performance, inogona kutsiva imwe kupisa-resistant simbi, Stainless simbi;molds uye anofa zvinenge zvose zvinoda kuenda kuburikidza kupisa kurapwa Inogona kushandiswa chete pashure kupisa kurapwa.
Supplementary means
I. Mhando dzeannealing
Annealing inzira yekurapa kupisa umo iyo workpiece inodziya kune tembiricha yakakodzera, inobatwa kweimwe nguva yenguva, uyezve zvishoma nezvishoma kutonhora.
Kune akawanda marudzi esimbi annealing process, zvinoenderana nekupisa kwekushisa kunogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: imwe iri painopisa tembiricha (Ac1 kana Ac3) pamusoro peiyo annealing, inozivikanwawo sechikamu chekuchinja recrystallization annealing, kusanganisira kuzara, kuvharisa kusina kukwana. , spheroidal annealing uye diffusion annealing (homogenization annealing), nezvimwewo;imwe iri pasi pekushisa kwakakosha kweiyo annealing, kusanganisira recrystallization annealing uye de-stressing annealing, etc .. Maererano nenzira yekutonhodza, annealing inogona kukamurwa kuva isothermal annealing uye inoramba ichitonhora annealing.
1, annealing yakakwana uye isothermal annealing
Kuzadza annealing, inozivikanwawo serecrystallization annealing, inowanzonzi annealing, isimbi kana simbi inopisa kuAc3 pamusoro pe20 ~ 30 ℃, insulation yakareba zvakakwana kuita kuti sangano rive rakanyatsogadziriswa mushure mekutonhora zvishoma nezvishoma, kuitira kuti iwane inenge yakaenzana sangano. yehutano hwekupisa kupisa.Iyi annealing inonyanya kushandiswa kune sub-eutectic kuumbwa kweakasiyana kabhoni uye alloy simbi castings, forgings uye inopisa-yakakungurutswa profiles, uye dzimwe nguva inoshandiswawo kune akasungwa zvimiro.Kazhinji kazhinji sehuwandu husingaremi workpiece yekupedzisira kupisa kurapwa, kana se pre-heat kurapwa kwemamwe maworkpieces.
2, kukwirisa bhora
Spheroidal annealing inonyanya kushandiswa kune-eutectic kabhoni simbi uye alloy chishandiso simbi (sekugadzirwa kwemidziyo yakachinjika, geji, mold uye inofa inoshandiswa musimbi).Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekudzikisa kuoma, kuvandudza machinability, uye kugadzirira kudzima ramangwana.
3, kuzorora kwekushushikana
Stress Relation annealing, inozivikanwawo seyakadzika-tembiricha annealing (kana yakanyanya-tembiricha kudzikama), iyi annealing inonyanya kushandiswa kubvisa castings, forgings, weldments, inopisa-yakakungurutswa zvikamu, chando-inodhonzwa uye kumwe kusara kunetseka.Kana izvi zvinonetsa zvikasabviswa, zvinokonzeresa simbi mushure meimwe nguva yenguva, kana mune inotevera yekucheka maitiro kuburitsa deformation kana makatsemuka.
4. Annealing isina kukwana ndeyekupisa simbi kuAc1 ~ Ac3 (sub-eutectic steel) kana Ac1 ~ ACcm (over-eutectic steel) pakati pekuchengetedza kupisa uye kunonoka kutonhora kuti uwane inenge yakaenzana sangano rekugadzirisa kupisa.
II.kudzima, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kutonhora svikiro ndeye brine, mvura nemafuta.
Mvura yemunyu inodzima yeworkpiece, nyore kuwana yakakwirira kuoma uye yakatsetseka pamusoro, haisi nyore kubudisa quenching kwete yakaoma nyoro nzvimbo, asi zviri nyore kuita workpiece deformation yakakomba, uye kunyange kutsemuka.Kushandiswa kwemafuta sechinhu chinodzima chinongoenderana nekugadzikana kwe supercooled austenite yakakura mune imwe alloy simbi kana diki saizi yekabhoni simbi workpiece quenching.
III.chinangwa chekupisa simbi
1, kuderedza brittleness, kubvisa kana kuderedza kushushikana kwemukati, simbi inodzima kune yakawanda yemukati kushushikana uye brittleness, senge kusapindirana nenguva kunowanzoita deformation yesimbi kana kuputika.
2, kuti uwane iyo inodiwa yemagetsi zvimiro zveworkpiece, iyo workpiece mushure mekudzima yakakwira kuomarara uye brittleness, kuitira kuti usangane nezvinodiwa zveakasiyana emhando yeakasiyana maworkpieces, unogona kugadzirisa kuomarara kuburikidza neakakodzera tempering kuti uderedze brittleness. yekuoma kunodiwa, plastiki.
3, Gadzirisa saizi yeworkpiece
4, nokuti annealing zvakaoma kupfavisa dzimwe alloy simbi, ari quenching (kana normalizing) inowanzoshandiswa pashure yakakwirira tembiricha tembiricha, kuitira kuti simbi carbide zvakakodzera aggregation, kuoma kuchaderedzwa, kuitira kufambisa kucheka uye kugadzirisa.
Supplementary concepts
1, annealing: inoreva zvinhu zvesimbi zvinopisa kune tembiricha yakakodzera, inochengetwa kweimwe nguva yenguva, uye zvishoma nezvishoma inotonhorera kupisa kupisa maitiro.Zvinowanzoitwa annealing maitiro ndeaya: recrystallization annealing, stress annealing, spheroidal annealing, annealing yakakwana, etc. , kuvandudza kurongeka uye kuumbwa kwehomogenization, kana kwekupedzisira kupisa kurapwa kuti sangano rigadzirire.
2, normalizing: inoreva simbi kana simbi inopisa kune kana (simbi pane yakakosha nzvimbo yekushisa) pamusoro, 30 ~ 50 ℃ kuchengetedza nguva yakakodzera, kutonhora mumhepo ichiri kupisa kupisa maitiro.Chinangwa normalizing: kunyanya kunatsiridza mechanical ehupfumi yakaderera kabhoni simbi, kunatsiridza kucheka uye machinability, zviyo kunatsa, kubvisa kukanganiswa kwesangano, nokuti ekupedzisira kupisa kurapwa kugadzirira sangano.
3, quenching: inoreva simbi inopisa kuAc3 kana Ac1 (simbi iri pasi penzvimbo yakaoma yekushisa) pamusoro peimwe tembiricha, chengeta imwe nguva, uyezve kune yakakodzera kutonhora mwero, kuwana martensite (kana bainite) sangano re kupisa kurapwa maitiro.Maitiro ekudzima akajairika ndeamwe-yepakati quenching, maviri-yepakati quenching, martensite quenching, bainite isothermal quenching, kudzima kwepamusoro uye kudzima kwenzvimbo.Chinangwa quenching: kuitira kuti simbi zvikamu kuwana anodiwa martensitic sangano, kuvandudza kuomarara workpiece, simba uye abrasion kuramba, nokuti ekupedzisira kupisa kurapwa kuita zvakanaka kugadzirira sangano.
4, tempering: inoreva simbi yakaomeswa, yobva yapiswa kune tembiricha iri pasi peAc1, inobata nguva, yozotonhodzwa kune tembiricha yekupisa kupisa maitiro.Maitiro akajairika ekudzikamisa ndeaya: kudzika-kupisa, kudziya kwepakati-tembiricha, kupisa-kupisa uye kupisa kwakawanda.
Chinangwa chekudzikamisa: kunyanya kubvisa kushushikana kunogadzirwa nesimbi mukudzima, kuitira kuti simbi ive nehupamhi hwekuoma uye kupfeka kusagadzikana, uye ine plastiki inodiwa uye kuoma.
5, tempering: inoreva simbi kana simbi yekudzima uye yakanyanya-tembiricha kudziya kweiyo inosanganiswa kupisa kupisa maitiro.Inoshandiswa mukupisa kwesimbi inonzi tempered steel.Iyo inowanzo reva yepakati kabhoni dhizaini simbi uye yepakati kabhoni alloy simbi yekugadzira.
6, carburizing: carburizing ndiyo maitiro ekuita kuti kabhoni maatomu apinde mukati mepamusoro pesimbi.Izvo zvakare kugadzira iyo yakaderera kabhoni simbi workpiece ine pamusoro pedenga repamusoro kabhoni simbi, uyezve mushure mekudzima uye yakaderera tembiricha tembiricha, kuitira kuti iyo yekumusoro dhizaini yeworkpiece ine kuoma kwakanyanya uye kupfeka kusagadzikana, nepo chikamu chepakati cheworkpiece. ichiri kuchengetedza kuoma uye purasitiki yesimbi yakaderera kabhoni.
Vacuum nzira
Nekuti kudziya uye kutonhora mashandiro esimbi workpieces anoda gumi nemaviri kana kunyange akawanda ezviito kuti apedze.Izvi zviito zvinoitwa mukati mevacuum kupisa kupisa kwevira, mushandisi haakwanise kusvika, saka dhigirii re automation yevacuum kupisa kupisa kwevira kunodiwa kuve kwakakwira.Panguva imwe chete, zvimwe zviito, zvakadai kudziyisa uye akabata kuguma simbi workpiece quenching muitiro achava matanhatu, nomwe zviito uye kupedzwa mukati 15 masekonzi.Mamiriro akadai agile kuti apedze zviito zvakawanda, zviri nyore kukonzeresa kutya kweanoshanda uye kuita misoperation.Naizvozvo, chete dhigirii yakakwira yeautomation inogona kuve yakarurama, kurongeka panguva yakakodzera maererano nechirongwa.
Vacuum kupisa kupisa kwezvikamu zvesimbi kunoitwa mune yakavharwa vacuum choto, yakasimba vacuum sealing inozivikanwa.Naizvozvo, kuwana uye kuomerera kune yepakutanga mhepo yekudonha chiyero chechoto, kuve nechokwadi kuti iyo inoshanda vacuum yevacuum choto, kuve nechokwadi chemhando yezvikamu vacuum kupisa kurapwa ine kukosha kukuru.Saka nyaya yakakosha yevacuum yekupisa yekupisa vira ndeye kuve neyakavimbika vacuum yekuisa chisimbiso chimiro.Kuti uve nechokwadi chekushanda kwevacuum yevira, vacuum yekupisa yekupisa dhizaini dhizaini inofanirwa kutevedzera musimboti wekutanga, kureva kuti, muviri wechoto kushandisa gasi-yakasimba welding, ukuwo mutumbi wechoto uri mudiki sezvinobvira kuvhura kana kusavhura. gomba, shoma kana kudzivirira kushandiswa kwesimba rekuisa chisimbiso chimiro, kuitira kuderedza mukana wevacuum kuvuza.Yakaiswa muvacuum choto chemuviri zvikamu, zvishongedzo, senge mvura-yakatonhorera maelectrode, thermocouple ekunze mudziyo unofanirwa kugadzirwawo kusimbisa chimiro.
Mazhinji ekudziya uye ekudzivirira zvinhu anogona chete kushandiswa pasi pevacuum.Vacuum kupisa kurapa choto kudziyisa uye thermal insulation lining ari vacuum uye yakakwirira tembiricha basa, saka zvinhu izvi akaisa mberi tembiricha kuramba, nemwaranzi migumisiro, thermal conductivity uye zvimwe zvinodiwa.Zvinodiwa zvekupikisa oxidation hazvina kukwirira.Naizvozvo, iyo vacuum yekupisa yekupisa yevira yakashandiswa zvakanyanya tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum uye graphite yekudziya uye yekupisa yekupisa zvinhu.Zvinhu izvi zviri nyore kuita oxidize mumhepo, saka, yakajairwa kupisa kupisa muchoto haigone kushandisa izvi zvekudziya uye zvekudzivirira.
Mvura-yakatonhodzwa mudziyo: vacuum yekupisa yekurapa choto chivharo, chivharo chechoto, magetsi ekudziya zvinhu, mvura-yakatonhodzwa maelectrode, yepakati vacuum yekudzivirira kupisa musuwo uye zvimwe zvikamu, zviri muvacuum, pasi pemamiriro ekupisa basa.Kushanda pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka akadaro, inofanirwa kuve nechokwadi kuti chimiro chechikamu chimwe nechimwe hachina kukanganiswa kana kukuvadzwa, uye chisimbiso chevacuum hachipisi kana kupiswa.Naizvozvo, chikamu chega chega chinofanirwa kumisikidzwa zvinoenderana nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekutonhodza mvura michina kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti vacuum yekupisa yekupisa vira inogona kushanda zvakajairika uye ine hupenyu hwakakwana hwekushandisa.
Iko kushandiswa kweyakaderera-voltage yakakwira-ikozvino: vacuum mudziyo, kana iyo vacuum vacuum dhigirii mashoma lxlo-1 torr renji, mudziyo wekutsvaira weiyo ine simba conductor mumhepo yakakwirira, inoburitsa inopenya yekuburitsa chiitiko.Mune vacuum yekupisa yekupisa yevira, yakakomba arc discharge ichapisa yemagetsi kupisa chinhu, insulation layer, zvichikonzera tsaona huru uye kurasikirwa.Naizvozvo, iyo vacuum yekupisa yekurapa choto chemagetsi kupisa chinhu chinoshanda voltage kazhinji haipfuure 80 a 100 volts.Panguva imwecheteyo mumagetsi ekupisa element dhizaini dhizaini kutora matanho anoshanda, sekuyedza kudzivirira kuve nemuromo wezvikamu, electrode spacing pakati pema electrode haigone kuve idiki, kuitira kudzivirira chizvarwa chekubuda kupenya kana arc. discharge.
Tempering
Zvinoenderana neakasiyana ekuita zvinodiwa zveiyo workpiece, zvinoenderana neyakasiyana tembiricha yekupisa, inogona kukamurwa kuva anotevera marudzi ekupisa:
(a) kudzika-kupisa kupisa (150-250 madhigirii)
Kudzika kwakadzika kwekushisa kwesangano rinoguma re tempered martensite.Chinangwa chayo ndechekuchengetedza kuomarara kwepamusoro uye kushomeka kwepamusoro kwesimbi yakadzimwa pasi pechikonzero chekudzikisa kudzikamisa kwayo mukati kushushikana uye brittleness, kuitira kuti udzivise kuputika kana kukuvadzwa nguva isati yakwana panguva yekushandiswa.Inonyanya kushandiswa kune akasiyana-siyana epamusoro-kabhoni yekucheka maturusi, geji, inotonhorera-inodhonzwa inofa, inotenderedza mabhengi uye carburized zvikamu, nezvimwewo, mushure mekupisa kuomarara kazhinji HRC58-64.
(ii) tembiricha yepakati (250-500 madhigirii)
Yepakati tembiricha yekudzikamisa sangano ye tempered quartz body.Chinangwa chayo ndechekuwana simba regoho repamusoro, elastic muganho uye kuoma kwakanyanya.Naizvozvo, inonyanya kushandiswa kune akasiyana zvitubu uye inopisa basa mold kugadzirisa, kupisa kuomarara kunowanzo HRC35-50.
(C) kupisa kwepamusoro (500-650 degrees)
Kupisa kwepamusoro-kupisa kwesangano kune yakashatirwa Sohnite.Tsika kudzima uye tembiricha yekudziya yakasanganiswa kupisa kurapwa kunozivikanwa se tempering kurapwa, chinangwa chayo ndechekuwana simba, kuoma uye plasticity, kuomarara kuri nani kwese kwemechanicha zvinhu.Naizvozvo, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumotokari, matirakita, maturusi emuchina uye zvimwe zvakakosha zvimiro zvikamu, senge matanda ekubatanidza, mabhaudhi, magiya uye shafts.Kuoma mushure mekupisa kazhinji HB200-330.
Deformation kudzivirira
Precision yakaoma mold deformation zvinokonzera kazhinji zvakaoma, asi isu chete tenzi mutemo wayo deformation, ongorora zvikonzero zvayo, tichishandisa nzira dzakasiyana kudzivirira mold deformation anokwanisa kuderedza, asiwo anokwanisa kudzora.Kazhinji kutaura, kurapwa kwekupisa kweiyo chaiyo yakaoma mold deformation inogona kutora nzira dzinotevera dzekudzivirira.
(1) Kusarudza zvinhu zvine musoro.Precision yakaoma molds inofanira kusarudzwa zvinhu zvakanaka microdeformation mold simbi (yakadai semhepo inodzima simbi), iyo carbide kupatsanurwa kweyakakomba mold simbi kunofanirwa kuve kwakaringana kugadzira uye kupisa kupisa kurapwa, iyo yakakura uye haigone kugadzirwa simbi yeforoma inogona kuve yakasimba mhinduro kaviri kunatswa. kupisa kurapwa.
(2) Mold dhizaini inofanirwa kuve inonzwisisika, ukobvu hahufanire kunge hwakanyanya kupatsanurwa, chimiro chinofanirwa kuenzana, kuitira kuti deformation ye mold yakakura kugona mutemo we deformation, yakachengeterwa gadziriso yemvumo, kune yakakura, chaiyo uye yakaoma mold inogona kushandiswa. mumubatanidzwa wezvimiro.
(3) Yakarurama uye yakaoma molds inofanira kunge isati yatanga kupisa kuti ibvise kushungurudzika kwakasara kunogadzirwa mukugadzira machining.
(4) Sarudzo inonzwisisika yekudziya tembiricha, kudzora kumhanya kwekudziya, kune chaiyo yakaoma molds inogona kutora kunonoka kupisa, preheating uye dzimwe nzira dzekudziya dzakadzikama kuderedza mold kupisa kurapwa deformation.
(5) Pasi pemamiriro ekuona kuoma kwe mold, edza kushandisa pre-kutonhora, graded kutonhora quenching kana tembiricha quenching process.
(6) Kunyatso uye kwakaoma molds, pasi pemamiriro emvumo, edza kushandisa vacuum kudziyisa quenching uye yakadzika kutonhora kurapwa mushure mekudzima.
(7) Kune mamwe maumbirwo chaiwo uye akaomarara anogona kushandiswa pre-kupisa kurapwa, kuchembera kupisa kurapwa, tempering nitriding kupisa kurapwa kudzora kurongeka kweforoma.
(8) Mukugadzirisa maburi ejecha mold, porosity, kupfeka uye kumwe kukanganisa, kushandiswa kwemuchina unotonhora welding uye kumwe kupisa kwekupisa kwemidziyo yekugadzirisa kudzivirira maitiro ekugadzirisa deformation.
Uye zvakare, iyo chaiyo yekupisa kupisa mashandiro ekuita (akadai sekuvhara maburi, maburi akasungirirwa, mechanical fixation, nzira dzekudziya dzakakodzera, sarudzo chaiyo yeinotonhora nzira ye mold uye kutungamira kwekufamba mumhepo inotonhorera, nezvimwewo) uye zvine musoro. tempering heat treatment process ndeyekudzikisa deformation yekunyatso uye yakaoma molds zvakare anoshanda matanho.
Kudzima kwepamusoro uye kupisa kupisa kurapwa kunowanzoitwa nekudziisa induction kana kupisa kwemurazvo.Iwo main tekinoroji parameters kuoma kwepasi, kuoma kwenzvimbo uye kunoshanda kuomesa layer kudzika.Kuomarara kuyedzwa kunogona kushandiswa Vickers kuomarara tester, inogona zvakare kushandiswa Rockwell kana pamusoro Rockwell kuomarara tester.Sarudzo yekuedza simba (chiyero) inoenderana nekudzika kweiyo inoshanda yakaomeswa layer uye kuoma kwepamusoro kweiyo workpiece.Matatu emhando dzekuomarara arikubatanidzwa pano.
Chekutanga, Vickers hardness tester inzira yakakosha yekuyedza kuomarara kwepasi kwezvishandiso zvinopisa zvinopisa, zvinogona kusarudzwa kubva pa0.5 kusvika 100kg yesimba rekuyedza, kuyedza iyo yakaomeswa denga seyakatetepa kunge 0.05mm gobvu, uye iko kurongeka kwayo ndiko kwepamusoro. , uye inogona kusiyanisa misiyano midiki mukuomarara kwepamusoro kwezvishandiso zvinopisa zvinopisa.Uye zvakare, kudzika kweiyo inoshanda yakaomeswa layer inofanirwawo kuwonekwa neiyo Vickers hardness tester, saka kune yepasi kupisa kurapwa kugadzirisa kana huwandu hukuru hwemayuniti anoshandisa pamusoro kupisa kupisa workpiece, yakashongedzerwa neVickers kuomarara tester inodiwa.
Chechipiri, iyo Rockwell kuomarara tester zvakare yakanyatso kuyedza kuomarara kwechiso chakaomeswa workpiece, pamusoro Rockwell kuomarara tester ine zviyero zvitatu zvekusarudza kubva.Inogona kuyedza iyo inoshanda kuomesa kudzika kweanopfuura 0.1mm yeakasiyana epamusoro anoomesa workpiece.Kunyangwe iyo Rockwell hardness tester yekumusoro haina kukwirisa seVickers kuomarara tester, asi seyekupisa kupisa chirimwa chekutonga uye inokwanisa yekuongorora nzira yekuona, yakakwanisa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa.Uyezve, ine zvakare nyore kushanda, nyore kushandisa, mutengo wakaderera, kukurumidza kuyerwa, inogona kuverenga zvakananga kuomarara kukosha uye humwe hunhu, kushandiswa kwepamusoro Rockwell kuomarara tester kunogona kuve batch yepasi kupisa kupisa workpiece yekukurumidza uye isiri- inoparadza chidimbu-ne-chidimbu kuedza.Izvi zvakakosha pakugadzirwa kwesimbi uye michina yekugadzira michina.
Yetatu, kana iyo yepamusoro kupisa kurapwa yakaomeswa layer yakakora, inogona zvakare kushandiswa Rockwell kuomarara tester.Kana kupisa kwekurapa kwakaomeswa dhizaini ukobvu hwe0.4 ~ 0.8mm, inogona kushandiswa HRA chiyero, apo iyo yakaomeswa dhizaini ukobvu inopfuura 0.8mm, inogona kushandiswa HRC chiyero.
Vickers, Rockwell uye pamusoro Rockwell matatu marudzi ekuomarara maitiro anogona kuchinjika nyore kune mumwe nemumwe, kuchinjirwa kune yakajairwa, kudhirowa kana mushandisi anoda kukosha kwekuoma.Iwo anoenderana matafura ekushandura anopiwa mune yepasi rose chiyero ISO, American standard ASTM uye Chinese standard GB/T.
Localized kuomesa
Zvikamu kana yomunharaunda kuoma zvinodiwa yepamusorosoro, iripo induction kudziyisa uye dzimwe nzira dzomunharaunda quenching kupisa kurapwa, mativi akadaro kazhinji vanofanira kutara nzvimbo yomunharaunda quenching kupisa kurapwa uye yomunharaunda kuoma ukoshi pamusoro mifananidzo.Kuomarara kuyedzwa kwezvikamu kunofanirwa kuitwa munzvimbo yakatarwa.Kuomarara kuyedza zviridzwa zvinogona kushandiswa Rockwell kuomarara tester, bvunzo HRC kuomarara ukoshi, senge kupisa kurapwa kuomesa layer haina kudzika, inogona kushandiswa pamusoro Rockwell kuomarara tester, bvunzo HRN kuoma kukosha.
Kemikari kupisa kurapwa
Kemikari inopisa kupisa ndeyekuita kuti pamusoro peiyo workpiece ipinde mukati meimwe kana akati wandei emakemikari maatomu, kuitira kuti ichinje kemikari, kurongeka uye kuita kwepamusoro peiyo workpiece.Mushure mekudzima uye kudziya kwakadzika tembiricha, pamusoro peiyo workpiece ine yakanyanya kuoma, kupfeka kuramba uye kubata kuneta simba, nepo musimboti weworkpiece une kuoma kwakanyanya.
Zvinoenderana nezviri pamusoro apa, kucherechedzwa uye kurekodha tembiricha mukupisa kwekupisa kwakakosha, uye kutadza kutonga tembiricha kune kukanganisa kukuru pachigadzirwa.Naizvozvo, kuona tembiricha kunokosha zvikuru, tembiricha muitiro yose muitiro kunokoshawo zvikuru, zvichiita kuti muitiro kupisa kurapwa kunofanira kunyorwa pamusoro tembiricha kuchinja, anogona kufambisa ramangwana Data kuongorora, asiwo kuona kuti nguva ipi. tembiricha haina kuzadzisa zvinodiwa.Izvi zvichaita basa guru kwazvo pakuvandudza kupisa kupisa mune ramangwana.
Maitiro ekushanda
1, Chenesa saiti yekuvhiya, tarisa kuti magetsi, midziyo yekuyeresa uye ma switch akasiyana akajairwa, uye kuti mvura inotsvedza here.
2, Vashandi vanofanirwa kupfeka zvakanaka zvekudzivirira zvekudzivirira, zvikasadaro zvichava nengozi.
3, vhura iyo yekudzora simba universal transfer switch, zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi zvemidziyo yakagadzikwa zvikamu zvekukwira nekudonha kwetembiricha, kuwedzera hupenyu hwemidziyo nemidziyo yakasimba.
4, kuterera kupisa kwekushisa kwechoto tembiricha uye mesh bhandi kumhanya mutemo, inogona kugona tembiricha inodiwa kune akasiyana zvinhu, kuve nechokwadi kuoma kweiyo workpiece uye kutwasuka kwepamusoro uye oxidation layer, uye kuita basa rakanaka rekuchengetedza. .
5, Kuti uteerere kupisa kwechoto tembiricha uye mesh bhandi kumhanya, vhura mhepo yekuburitsa, kuitira kuti workpiece mushure mekudzikamisa isangane nemhando zvinodiwa.
6, mubasa rinofanira kunamatira kune positi.
7, kugadzirisa iyo inodiwa yemidziyo yemoto, uye kujairana nekushandisa uye kugadzirisa nzira.
8, Pakumisa muchina, isu tinofanirwa kutarisa kuti ese ekudzora switch ari kunze kwenyika, tobva tavhara chinja chekuchinja.
Overheating
Kubva pamuromo wakashata weiyo roller accessories inotakura zvikamu zvinogona kucherechedzwa mushure mekudzima microstructure overheating.Asi kuti uone iyo chaiyo dhigirii yekupisa inofanira kucherechedza iyo microstructure.Kana iri GCr15 simbi quenching sangano muchitarisiko coarse tsono martensite, ari quenching overheating sangano.Chikonzero chekuumbwa kwekudzima kupisa kwekushisa kunogona kunge kwakanyanyisa kana kupisa uye kubata nguva yakarebesa inokonzerwa nehuwandu hwakazara hwekupisa;kungavawo nokuda chepakutanga sangano bhendi carbide zvakakomba, munzvimbo yakaderera kabhoni nzvimbo pakati mabhandi maviri kuumba localized martensite tsono gobvu, zvichiguma localized overheating.Residual austenite musangano rinopisa rinowedzera, uye kugadzikana kwedimensional kunoderera.Nekuda kwekupisa kwesangano rekudzima, kristaro yesimbi yakakora, izvo zvinozoita kuti kuderedzwa kwekuoma kwezvikamu, kupikisa kwemaitiro kunoderedzwa, uye hupenyu hwekutakura hunoderedzwa zvakare.Kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kutokonzeresa kutsemuka kunodzima.
Underheating
Kudzima tembiricha yakaderera kana murombo kutonhora kuchaita zvakawanda kupfuura mureza Torrhenite sangano iri microstructure, inozivikanwa seyo underheating sangano, izvo zvinoita kuoma kudonha, kupfeka kuramba kunopinza kuderedzwa, kukanganisa hupenyu hwemupumburu zvikamu kutakura.
Kudzima mitswe
Roller inotakura zvikamu mukudzima nekutonhodza muitiro nekuda kwekushushikana kwemukati kwakagadzira mitswe inonzi quenching cracks.Zvikonzero zvekutsemuka kwakadaro ndezvi: nekuda kwekudzima tembiricha yekudziya yakanyanya kana kutonhora kunokurumidza, kushushikana kwekushisa uye simbi yakawanda vhoriyamu shanduko musangano rekunetsekana kwakakura kupfuura simba rekuputsika resimbi;basa pamusoro pezvakaremara zvepakutanga (zvakadai sekuputika kwepamusoro kana kuputika) kana kukanganisa kwemukati mukati mesimbi (yakadai se slag, yakakomba isiri-metallic inclusions, mavara machena, shrinkage residue, nezvimwewo) mukudzima kwekuumbwa kwekunetseka kwepfungwa;yakakomba pamusoro decarburization uye Carbide segregation;zvikamu zvinodzimwa mushure mekupisa kusina kukwana kana kusingatarisirwi kupisa;inotonhora punch kushushikana kunokonzerwa neiyo yapfuura maitiro yakakura kwazvo, kupeta kupeta, kutendeuka kwakadzika kucheka, mafuta grooves akapinza mipendero uye zvichingodaro.Muchidimbu, chikonzero chekudzima kuputika kunogona kuva chimwe kana zvimwe zvezvinhu zviri pamusoro apa, kuvapo kwekunetseka kwemukati ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuumbwa kwekudzima kuputika.Kudzima mitswe yakadzika uye yakatetepa, ine kutsemuka kwakatwasuka uye isina oxidized ruvara pane yakatyoka pamusoro.Inowanzoita longitudinal flat crack kana ring-shaped crack pabearing collar;chimiro pabhora resimbi inotakura S-shaped, T-shaped kana ring-shaped.Hunhu hwesangano hwekudzima mutswe haisi decarburization chiitiko pamativi ese emutswe, zvinonyatso patsanurika kubva pakubira makororo uye zvinhu zvakatsemuka.
Kupisa kurapwa deformation
NACHI inotakura zvikamu mukupisa kwekupisa, kune kushushikana kwekupisa uye kushushikana kwesangano, kushushikana kwemukati uku kunogona kukwidziridzwa kune mumwe nemumwe kana zvishoma, kwakaoma uye kuchinjika, nekuti inogona kuchinjwa nekupisa kwekupisa, kudziya kwekushisa, kutonhora mode, kutonhora. chiyero, chimiro uye saizi yezvikamu, saka kupisa kurapwa deformation hazvidzivisike.Ziva uye tenzi mutemo wemutemo unogona kuita deformation yekutakura zvikamu (senge ovha yecollar, saizi kumusoro, nezvimwewo) yakaiswa mune inodzoreka renji, inobatsira kugadzirwa.Ehe, mukupisa kwekurapa maitiro ekudhumhana kwemakanika kuchaitawo kuti zvikamu zvigadziriswe, asi deformation iyi inogona kushandiswa kuvandudza mashandiro ekudzikisa uye kudzivirira.
Surface decarburization
Roller zvishongedzo zvinotakura zvikamu mukati mekupisa kurapwa maitiro, kana ichidziya mune oxidizing svikiro, iyo nzvimbo inozove neoxidized kuitira kuti zvikamu zvepamusoro kabhoni misa chidimbu zvideredze, zvichikonzera decarburization yepasi.Kudzika kwepamusoro decarburization layer kupfuura iyo yekupedzisira kugadzirisa huwandu hwekuchengetedza huchaita kuti zvikamu zvirambwe.Kutemerwa kwehudzamu hwepamusoro decarburization layer mune metallographic bvunzo yeiyo inowanikwa metallographic nzira uye microhardness nzira.Iyo microhardness yekugovera curve yepasi layer yakavakirwa payero nzira, uye inogona kushandiswa senzira yekupokana.
Soft nzvimbo
Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekudziya, kutonhora kwakashata, kudzima kushanda kunokonzerwa nekuomarara kwepamusoro kweroller inotakura zvikamu hazvina kukwana chiitiko chinozivikanwa sekudzima nyoro.Zvakafanana nepamusoro decarburization inogona kukonzera kudzikira kwakanyanya mukupokana kwepamusoro uye simba rekuneta.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-05-2023