Pfupiso yeZvinhu zveAlloy
Tsanangudzo yeAlloy
Chiumbwa chesimbi (alloy) musanganiswa wakafanana unoumbwa nesimbi mbiri kana kupfuura, kana musanganiswa wesimbi nezvinhu zvisiri zvesimbi, zvine hunhu hwesimbi. Pfungwa iri shure kwekugadzirwa kwesimbi ndeyekubatanidza zvinhu nenzira yekuti zvigone kugadzirisa hunhu hwemakanika, hwemuviri, uye hwemakemikari kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa zvemashandisirwo akasiyana.
Kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu zveAlloy
Zvinhu zveAlloy zvinogona kupatsanurwa zvichienderana nezvinhu zvikuru uye hunhu hwazvo seizvi:
●Masimbi eFerrous:Idzi isimbi dzakagadzirwa nesimbi dzine zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sekabhoni, manganese, uye silicon, zvinonyanya kushandiswa mumaindasitiri ekugadzira simbi nekukanda.
●MaAluminium Alloys:Idzi imhando dzesimbi dzakagadzirwa nearuminiyamu dzine zvinhu zvakaita semhangura, magnesium, uye zinc, dzinozivikanwa nekureruka, kusimba, uye kuva nemafambiro akanaka emhepo uye kupisa.
●Masimbi emhangura:Idzi imhando dzesimbi dzakagadzirwa nemhangura dzine zvinhu zvakaita se zinc, tin, uye lead, zvichipa conductivity yakanaka, kuramba ngura, uye kushanda zvakanaka.
●Magnesium Alloys:Masimbi ane magnesium, anowanzo sanganiswa nealuminium, zinc, uye manganese, ndiwo masimbi akareruka zvikuru ane simba rekudzivirira kupisa uye anodzivirira kupisa.
●Nickel Alloys:Ma alloys akagadzirwa ne nickel ane zvinhu zvakaita se chromium, iron, uye cobalt, uye anoratidza kuramba ngura kwakanyanya uye kushanda zvakanaka pakupisa kwakanyanya.
●Titanium Alloys:Dzinozivikanwa nekusimba kwadzo kwakanyanya, kurema kwadzo, uye kuramba ngura kwakanyanya, ma alloys akagadzirwa ne titanium anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukushandiswa kwemuchadenga.
Ferrous Alloys
Kuumbwa uye Hunhu hweFerrous Alloys
Masimbi esimbi anoumbwa nesimbi ine zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinovandudza mashandiro awo emuchina. Zvinhu zvakajairika zvinosanganisira:
●Kabhoni:Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvekubatanidza, kusiyana kwehuwandu hwekabhoni mu ferrous alloys kunokanganisa kuomarara uye kuomarara. Ma aluminium ane kabhoni yakawanda anopa kuomarara kwakawanda asi kuomarara kushoma.
●Silicone:Silikoni inovandudza kusimba uye kusimba kwesimbi dzesimbi uye inowanzoshandiswa musimbi dzesimbi dzesimbi dzesimbi dzinoshandiswa kugadzira simbi dzinoita kuti simbi ioxidizer uye dziome.
●Manganese:Manganese yakakosha pakuwedzera simba nekuoma kwesimbi dzine ferrous alloys, uye simbi dzine ferromanganese alloys dzakakosha pakuvandudza kuramba kusviba uye kuramba ngura kwesimbi.
●Chromium:Masimbi eChromium-iron anopa simba rakanaka rekudzivirira ngura uye simba rekupisa zvakanyanya, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira simbi dzisina ngura nesimbi dzakakosha.
Mashandisirwo eFerrous Alloys
Ferrous alloys inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira:
●Indasitiri yekugadzira simbi:Masimbi esimbi anoshandiswa mukugadzira simbi, anoshandiswa kugadzirisa maumbirwo esimbi uye kuvandudza hunhu hwayo.
●Indasitiri yeKukanda:Mukuita kwekukanda, simbi dzinoshandiswa musimbi dzinowedzera hunhu hwemakanika uye kugara kwenguva refu kwezvigadzirwa zvesimbi.
●Zvinhu zvekunamira:Masimbi esimbi anoshandiswa mukugadzira tsvimbo dzesimbi uye flux kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti majoini esimbi anogadzirwa zvakanaka.
●Maindasitiri emakemikari nefetereza:Masimbi esimbi anoshanda sezvinhu zvinoderedza simba remagetsi uye zvinoderedza simba remagetsi mukugadzira makemikari nefetereza.
●Kugadzira simbi:Zvishandiso zvesimbi zvinoshandiswa muzvishandiso zvakaita sezvishandiso zvekucheka neforoma, zvichivandudza kugara kwazvo uye kushanda zvakanaka.
Aruminiyamu Alloys
Hunhu Hunokosha hweAluminium Alloys
Ma alloys e aruminiyamu anozivikanwa nekureruka kwawo, simba rakawanda, uye nyore kushandisa, zvichiita kuti ave akakosha mumaindasitiri emazuva ano. Hunhu hukuru hunosanganisira:
●Huremu hwakareruka:Ma alloys e aluminium ane density yakaderera ye 2.7 g/cm³, zvichiita kuti akwanise kushandiswa zvinoda kuderedza huremu.
●Simba Rakakwirira:Kuburikidza nekusanganisa uye kupisa, alloys dzearuminiyamu dzinogona kuwana simba rakawanda rekudhonza, uye mamwe alloys anodarika 500 MPa.
●Kufambisa Kwemhepo Kwakanaka Kwazvo:Aruminiyamu yakachena inokonzeresa magetsi nekupisa zvakanaka, uye aruminiyamu ine zvikamu zvakakura zvehunhu uhwu.
●Kuramba Kuora:Rutivi rwe oxide rwechisikigo runoumbwa pamusoro pe aruminiyamu alloys, zvichipa simba rakanaka rekudzivirira ngura, uye kurapwa kwakakosha kunogona kuwedzera hunhu uhwu.
●Kureruka Kwekugadzirisa:Ma alloys e aluminium anoratidza plasticity yakanaka, zvichiita kuti akwanise kushandiswa pakukanda, kubvisa, uye kugadzira.
Magiredhi uye Mashandisirwo eAluminium Alloys
Ma alloys e aluminium anoiswa muzvikamu zvichienderana nezvinhu zvikuru zve alloying uye hunhu hwawo. Mamwe ma grade akafanana anosanganisira:
●1xxx Series:Aruminiyamu yakachena, ine huwandu hwearuminiyamu hunodarika 99.00%, inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yemagetsi nezvinhu zvemazuva ese zvinoshandiswa nevanhu.
●2xxx Series:Mhangura ndiyo chinhu chikuru chinobatanidza zvinhu, ichivandudza simba rayo zvakanyanya mushure mekupisa, uye inowanzoshandiswa mukushandisa zvinhu zvemuchadenga.
●3xxx Series:Manganese ndiyo chinhu chikuru chinobatanidza simbi, ichipa simba rakanaka rekudzivirira ngura, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvaka uye muzvinhu zvekuvaka.
●4xxx Series:Silicon ndiyo chinhu chikuru chinobatanidza simbi, ichipa simba rekudzivirira kupisa uye hunhu hwakanaka hwekushongedza simbi, yakakodzera zvinhu zvekushongedza simbi uye zvinhu zvinodzivirira kupisa.
●5xxx Series:Magnesium ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira alloy, ichipa hunhu hwakanaka hwemakanika uye inodzivirira ngura, inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri emugungwa, emotokari, uye emuchadenga.
●6xxx Series:Magnesium nesilicon ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zvinobatanidza zvinhu, zvichipa simba rakanaka uye kushanda zvakanaka, zvinowanzoshandiswa muzvinhu zvekuvaka.
●7xxx Series:Zinc ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukubatanidza zvinhu, uye zvinhu izvi zvine simba guru, rinowanzoshandiswa mukuvaka ndege uye mukushandiswa kwakasimba kwazvo.
●8xxx Series:Iine zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sesimbi nenickel, zvinopa simba rakanaka uye conductivity, zvinonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yemagetsi.
Aluminium alloys inoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira:
●Nzvimbo yemuchadenga:Zvishandiso zvealuminium zvisingaremi uye zvine simba guru zvakakosha pakuvaka ndege nezvikamu zvayo.
●Kutakura:Zvishandiso zvealuminium zvinoshandiswa kugadzira zvikamu zvemotokari zvidiki uye zvechitima, zvichivandudza mashandiro emafuta.
●Indasitiri yeMagetsi:Aruminiyamu chinhu chinodiwa pakushandisa tambo nematransformer
●Kuvaka:Ma alloy earuminiyamu anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvivakwa zvekuvaka, mafuremu emahwindo, magonhi, uye matenga nekuda kwesimba rawo, kuramba ngura, uye chitarisiko chakanaka.
●Kurongedza:Zvishongo zvealuminium, kunyanya zvakaita semafoil nemakani, zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yekurongedza nekuti zvakareruka, hazvina chepfu, uye zvinogona kudzokororwa zvakanyanya.
Alloys dzemhangura
Kuumbwa uye Hunhu hweCopper Alloys
Ma alloys emhangura anozivikanwa nekugona kwawo kupinza magetsi nekupisa, kuramba ngura, uye nyore kugadzira. Ma alloys emhangura anowanzo sanganisira:
●Ndarira (Mhangura-Zinc Alloy):Inozivikanwa nekusimba kwayo, kugona kwayo kuchinjika, uye kuramba kwayo ngura, simbi yemhangura inowanzoshandiswa mumabasa emakanika, pombi dzemvura, uye zviridzwa zvemimhanzi.
●Bhronze (Alloy yeCopper-Tin):Chiumbwa ichi chinopa simba rekudzivirira ngura, kuomarara, uye kusakara kwepamusoro-soro, chinowanzoshandiswa mumabheyaringi, mabushing, uye mashandisirwo emugungwa.
●Ma alloys emhangura ne nickel:Masimbi aya anopa simba rakanaka rekudzivirira ngura munzvimbo dzemugungwa, zvichiita kuti akwanise kugadzirwa nezvikepe, mapuratifomu egungwa, uye mafekitori ekubvisa munyu.
●Beryllium Copper:Nesimba rayo guru, kuomarara, uye kuramba ngura, beryllium copper inowanzo shandiswa muzvishandiso zvine hungwaru, zvinobatanidza magetsi, uye masipiringi.
Mashandisirwo eCopper Alloys
Masimbi emhangura anoshanda mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana nekuda kwekushanda kwawo kwakasiyana-siyana uye hunhu hwawo hwakasiyana:
●Indasitiri yeMagetsi:Masimbi emhangura anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukubatanidza magetsi, waya, uye zvikamu nekuda kwekufambisa kwawo zvakanaka.
●Kubata Mapombi Uye Kugadzirisa Mvura:Brass nebronze zvinowanzo shandiswa pakugadzira mavharuvhu, zvigadziko, uye mamwe mashandisirwo epombi nekuda kwekusagona kwavo ngura.
●Indasitiri yeMarine:Masimbi emhangura-nickel alloys anonyanya kufarirwa kushandiswa mugungwa nekuda kwekuti anodzivirira ngura yemvura yegungwa.
●Uinjiniya Hwakarurama:Mhangura yeBeryllium inoshandiswa muzvishandiso, michina isingapfuri, uye muzvikamu zvemagadzirirwo akarurama nekuda kwesimba rayo uye kugara kwenguva refu.
Magnesium Alloys
Hunhu hweMagnesium Alloys
Magnesium alloys ndiyo simbi dzakareruka zvikuru, dzine chiyero chakanaka chesimba-ku-huremu, kunyudzwa kweshock, uye kugona kushanda. Hunhu hukuru hunosanganisira:
●Huremu hwakareruka:Magnesium alloys dzakareruka ne35% pane aruminiyamu uye 78% dzakareruka pane simbi, zvichiita kuti dzive dzakakodzera kushandiswa dzinorema zvakanyanya.
●Kugona Kugadzira Zvinhu Zvakanaka:Magnesium alloys ine michina yakanaka kwazvo, zvichiita kuti zvikamu zvakaoma uye zvakanyatsonaka zvigadzirwe zvakanaka.
●Kubatwa Nekuvhunduka:Ma alloys aya ane hunhu hwakanaka hwekunyudza shock, zvichiita kuti ashande mumotokari uye mundege.
●Kupisa:Magnesium alloys inopa kupisa kunobudirira, zvakakosha pamagetsi nezvikamu zvinopisa zvakanyanya.
Mashandisirwo eMagnesium Alloys
Nekuda kwekureruka kwavo uye simba, magnesium alloys inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana:
●Indasitiri yeMotokari:Magnesium alloys inoshandiswa muzvikamu zveinjini, magedhi ekufambisa, uye mavhiri kuderedza huremu hwemotokari uye kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta.
●Indasitiri yeNdege:Magnesium alloys inoshandiswa muzvikamu zvendege nezvikamu zvemuchadenga uko kuderedza huremu kwakakosha.
●Magetsi:Magnesium alloys inoshandiswa mukugadzira malaptop, makamera, uye nharembozha dzakareruka nekuda kwesimba radzo uye hunhu hwadzo hwekudzima kupisa.
●Midziyo Yekurapa:Magnesium alloys inoshandiswa mu bioresorbable implants uye orthopedics nekuda kwekubatana kwayo mumuviri.
Nickel Alloys
Hunhu hweNickel Alloys
Ma alloys e nickel anozivikanwa nekudzivirira ngura zvakanyanya, kugadzikana pakupisa kwakanyanya, uye simba remakanika. Anowanzo sanganiswa ne chromium, iron, nezvimwe zvinhu kuti zviwedzere kushanda munzvimbo dzakaoma. Hunhu hwakakosha hunosanganisira:
●Kuramba Kuora:Ma alloys e nickel anodzivirira zvikuru kuoxidation uye ngura munzvimbo dzakaoma, kusanganisira mvura yegungwa uye mamiriro eacidic.
●Simba rekupisa kwakanyanya:Ma alloys e nickel anoramba akasimba kana tembiricha yakakwira, zvichiita kuti akwanise kushandiswa muzvishandiso zvemuchadenga uye kugadzira magetsi.
●Kusapfeka Zvisina Kupfekwa:Ma alloys e nickel anopa simba rekudzivirira kubva pakusakara, izvo zvinokosha kana zvichidikanwa kuti zvigare kwenguva refu.
Mashandisirwo eNickel Alloys
Nickel alloys inoshandiswa mumabasa akasiyana-siyana:
●Indasitiri yeNdege:Ma superalloy akagadzirwa ne nickel anoshandiswa mumainjini ejet, ma turbine blades, nezvimwe zvikamu zvinopisa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekusapisa kwazvo.
●Kugadziriswa kweMakemikoro:Ma alloys e nickel anoshandiswa muma reactors, heat exchangers, uye mapaipi uko kudzivirira ngura uye tembiricha yakakwira kwakakosha.
●Kugadzira Simba:Ma alloys e nickel anoshandiswa muma reactor enyukireya nema gas turbines nekuda kwekugona kwawo kupisa kwakanyanya uye kuramba ngura.
●Indasitiri yeMarine:Matombo eNickel anoshandiswa munzvimbo dzegungwa pakushandisa mapombi, mavharuvhu, uye michina yekubvisa munyu mumvura yegungwa.
Titanium Alloys
Hunhu hweTitanium Alloys
Matitanium alloys akareruka asi akasimba, anodzivirira ngura zvakanyanya uye anogara kwenguva refu. Hunhu hwakakosha hunosanganisira:
●Kuenzana Kwesimba Rakakura Pakurema:Ma alloys etitanium akasimba sesimbi asi akareruka ne45%, zvichiita kuti akwanise kushandiswa mundege uye mumabasa epamusoro.
●Kuramba Kuora:Ma alloys etitanium anodzivirira ngura zvakanyanya, kunyanya mumvura yegungwa nenzvimbo dzemakemikari.
●Kuenderana kwemuviri:Matitanium alloys anowirirana nemuviri, zvichiita kuti akwanise kushandiswa muma implants ekurapa nemidziyo.
●Kugadzikana Kwekupisa Kwakakwirira:Zvishandiso zveTitanium zvinogona kutsungirira kupisa kwakanyanya, zvichichengetedza simba razvo uye kunaka kwazvo mukushandiswa kwemuchadenga nemaindasitiri.
Mashandisirwo eTitanium Alloys
Titanium alloys inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri uko simba rayo rakakwirira, rakareruka, uye kuramba ngura kwakakosha:
●Indasitiri yeNdege:Masimbi etitanium anoshandiswa mumafuremu endege, zvikamu zveinjini, uye magiya ekumhara nekuda kwesimba rawo rakawanda uye kuchengetedza huremu.
●Midziyo Yekurapa:Matitanium alloys anoshandiswa mumapfupa emapfupa, mazino, uye zvishandiso zvekuvhiya nekuda kwekushanda kwawo kwenguva refu uye kugara kwenguva refu.
●Indasitiri yeMarine:Masimbi eTitanium anoshandiswa muzvikamu zvepasi pegungwa, mukuvaka ngarava, uye mukuchera matombo ari kunze kwenyika nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwayo mukuora.
●Mashandisirwo Emaindasitiri:Matitanium alloys anoshandiswa mumafekitori ekugadzirisa makemikari, kugadzira magetsi, uye kushandiswa kwemotokari muzvinhu zvinoda simba uye kuramba ngura.
Mhedziso
Zvinhu zve alloy zvine basa guru mumaindasitiri emazuva ano, zvichipa mhinduro dzakagadzirirwa zvinhu zvine musanganiswa wakasarudzika wesimba, huremu, kuramba ngura, uye kugara kwenguva refu. Kubva mundege kusvika kumotokari, kuvaka kusvika kumidziyo yekurapa, kuchinjika kwezvinhu zve alloy kunoita kuti zvive zvakakosha pakushandiswa kwakawanda. Ingava simba guru re ferrous alloys, hunhu hwakareruka hwe alloys dze aluminum, kana kuramba ngura kwe nickel ne titanium alloys, alloys dzakagadzirirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvenyika yanhasi yakabudirira muhunyanzvi.
Nguva yekutumira: Gumiguru-17-2024