1. Chinangwa
Kugadzirisa maitiro ekuisa nickel plating isina electroless, kutonga kweparameter, uye zvinodiwa zvemhando, kuve nechokwadi chekuti coating yakagara yakasimba inosangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi uye zvepasi rose.
2. Chiyero
Inoshanda pakugadzira nickel isina magetsi pasimbi yekabhoni, simbi isingatsvi, uye alloys dzemhangura. Haishande kune alloys dzemagnesium, alloys dzetitanium, kana mamwe maitiro akakosha.
3. Mareferensi Akajairika
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Mapurasitiki ekugadzira nickel-phosphorus alloy otomatiki
- • GB/T 6461-2002 – Kuongororwa kwezviyedzo zvemuenzaniso nezvinhu zvesimbi nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa pasimbi mushure mekuyedzwa kwengura.
- • ASTM B733-18 – Tsananguro Yakajairika yeAutocatalytic (Electroless) Nickel-Phosphorus Coatings
- • ISO 4527:2003 – Kuputira nesimbi – Kuputira nenickel phosphorus alloy otomatiki (isina electron)
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Kuputira kwesimbi pamidziyo yesimbi – Kuputira kwakaputirwa nemagetsi uye kwakaiswa mishonga – Nzira dzekuedza kunamira
4. Nheyo yeMaitiro
Kuisa nickel isina electroless inzira yekuisa makemikari otomatiki umo sodium hypophosphite inoderedza maNi²⁺ ions kuti igadzire Ni-P alloy coating.
Maitiro ekuita:
- • Kusanganiswa kweAnodic: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Kuderedza Cathodic: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Kubatanidzwa kwephosphorus: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Kupatsanurwa kwezvipfeko zvichienderana nehuwandu hwephosphorus:
| Rudzi | Kuwanda kwephosphorus |
| Low-P | 1–5% |
| Pakati-P | 5–10% |
| High-P | 10–15% |
5. Kuyerera Kwemaitiro
Kuongorora → Kubvisa mafuta → Kusuka kunopisa → Kusuka kunoyerera → Kusvina → Kusuka → Kushanda → Kusuka → Kusuka kweDI → Kuputira pasina electroless → Kupora → Kusuka kwe3-stage counterflow → Passivation → Kusuka kweDI → Kuomesa → Kuongorora → Kurongedza
6. Magadzirirwo Akakosha Ekuita
| Paramita | Nzvimbo yekudzora | Mashoko |
| Kuwanda kweNi²⁺ | 8–12 g/L | Zvinokurudzirwa 9–10 g/L |
| Sodium hypophosphate | 25–35 g/L | Chiyero cheMolar kuNi²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| Mushonga unosanganisa zvinhu (sodium citrate) | 30–40 g/L | Inosimbisa ma ioni e nickel |
| Buffer (sodium acetate) | 15–25 g/L | Inochengetedza pH kugadzikana |
| kukosha kwepH | 4.5–5.5 (Pakati/pamusoro-P) | Yakagadziridzwa neammonia kana sodium carbonate |
| Tembiricha | 85–90℃ | Yakanakisa 88±1℃ |
| Kurodha | 0.5–1.5 dm²/L | Kutakura kwakanyanya kunoderedza mwero wekuisa |
| Mwero wekubvisa mari | 15–25 μm/awa | Kunoderera nekukwegura kwekugeza |
| Nguva | Maminetsi 15–60 | Zvichienderana nehukobvu hunodiwa |
| Kutsamwa | Mhepo yemuchina kana kuti ine simba shoma | Kufambisa kana kutenderera kweropa kunokurudzirwa |
| Kusefa | Kusefa kunoenderera mberi, chiyero che5–10 μm | Inobvisa zvidimbu, inodzivirira kudonha kwevhu |
7. Magadzirirwo eChigadzirwa & Kugona Kupfeka
7.1 Saizi Yebasa
| Chinhu | Paramita |
| Saizi yepamusoro | 1500×800×600 mm |
| Saizi diki | 5×5×5 mm |
| Huremu hwakanyanya | 200 kg |
| Huremu hushoma | 1 g |
7.2 Kugona Kwekuputira Ukobvu
| Rudzi | Ukobvu hwemhando yepamusoro | Kushandiswa kwakajairika |
| Zvikamu zvemazvo | 5–10 μm | Threads, vharafu, zvikamu zve hydraulic |
| Zvikamu zvakajairika | 10–50 μm | Zvikamu zvinodzivirira ngura nekupfeka |
| Kuputira gobvu | 50–100 μm | Kugadzirisa zvipfeko, nzvimbo dzine ngura zvakanyanya |
Kufanana: ±10% (zvikamu zvakajairika); ±15% (maumbirwo akaomarara)
7.3 Zvimiro zveKuputira
| Pfuma | Sekuputirwa | Yakarapwa nekupisa (400℃ × 1h) | Mashoko |
| Kuoma (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | Kurapa kupisa kunowedzera kuomarara |
| Kunamatira | ≤ Giredhi 1 (GB/T 5270) | — | Hapana kukwenya, hapana kukwenya |
| Kuedzwa kwemunyu (NSS, 5% NaCl, 35℃) | ≥24 maawa (Pakati-Pakati) ≥72 maawa (High-P) | — | Pazvinodiwa nevatengi |
| Kuboorwa kwemvura | ≤1 poindi/cm² | — | Kazhinji haina maburi ≥25 μm |
| Kuramba | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Kurapa kupisa: 400℃ ±10℃, awa imwe chete, mhepo/choto chitonhorere.
8. Kugona Kugadzira
| Chinhu | Kugona |
| Vhoriyamu yetangi rimwe chete | 2–5 m³ |
| Huremu hweboka | 500–1500 kg |
| Kugona kwezuva nezuva | matani 3–8 |
| Kugona kwemwedzi wega wega | matani 80–200 |
Cherechedza: Kugona kwega kwega kunoenderana nejometri, ukobvu, uye kukwegura kwebhavhu.
9. Kuongororwa Kwemhando Yepamusoro
9.1 Zvinhu zvekuongorora
| Chinhu | Maitiro | Kakawanda | Chinodiwa chekugamuchira |
| Ukobvu | XRF / maikorosikopu yesimbi | ≥3 mapoinzi pamutambo wega wega | Kudhirowa kwemusangano; kuvandudzwa kwakanyanya ≤10% |
| Kuoma | HV0.1 microhardness | Kamwe chete pakuchinjana | ≥500 HV (yakafukidzwa); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| Kunamatira | Faira/kukombama/kuchekwa-cheka+tepi | Chikamu chimwe chete pabhechi | Giredhi ≤1, hapana kukwesha |
| Chitarisiko | Chinoonekwa (chiedza chakajairwa) | 100% | Yakajeka zvakafanana; hapana zvikanganiso |
| Munyu wakapfapfaidzwa | NSS 5% NaCl, 35℃ | Pabhechi/shanduko | Pakati-P ≥24 maawa; High-P ≥72 maawa |
| Kuwanda kwephosphorus | EDS / makemikari | Vhiki nevhiki / imba yekugezera itsva | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Kurongwa kwechitarisiko
| Giredhi | Tsananguro |
| Giredhi A | Yakafanana yakajeka/yakapenya zvishoma, isina zvikanganiso |
| Giredhi B | Mavanga emvura/epaketi, hapana maburi/maburi ari kudonha |
| Giredhi C | Kusviba kudiki/kusiyana kwemavara, kushanda zvakanaka |
| Ramba | Kukanda, kukwenya, kusvetuka jira, kupisa, musiyano wakakomba wemavara |
10. Kugadzirisa matambudziko
| Dambudziko | Chikonzero chingangoitika | Mhinduro |
| Kusabatana zvakanaka | Kubvisa mafuta/kusunga mafuta zvisina kukwana; kusashanda zvakanaka | Vandudza kurapwa usati watanga; wedzera kushanda |
| Kukakavara/kuomarara | Zvidimbu zviri mubhavhu; pH yakakwira inokonzeresa | Wedzera kusefa (5 μm); pH yakaderera |
| Kupfeka kusina kujeka/kuchena | Ni²⁺/hypophosphate yakaderera; pH/tembiricha yakaderera | Wedzera makemikari; pH 4.8–5.2; kupisa kusvika 88℃ |
| Skip plating | Kusashanda kwenzvimbo; mafuta/oxide yasara | Kuvandudza kushanda; kuderedza mafuta zvakare |
| Mwero wekuisa zvinhu wakaderera | Kupisa kwakaderera/Ni²⁺/kuderedza; pH yakaderera; kugeza kwekare | Pisa kusvika 88–90℃; gadzirisa pH; geza nemvura yakachena |
| Kuora kwebhati | Kupisa zvakanyanya; pH yakakwira; kuwedzera nekukurumidza; mutoro wakaderera | Mira kupisa; deredza pH; deredza kugeza |
11. Kuchengetedzwa
- • PPE: Magorovhosi ane acid/alkali, magogorosi, apuroni, respirator (ammonia/acids).
- • Kuchengetera makemikari: Bvisa nickel sulfate, hypophosphite, acids, alkalis; kure nezvinhu zvinoderedza kupisa/kupisa.
- • Zvinorambidzwa: Musasanganisa conc. acid + hypophosphite (chepfu phosphine). Nyungudutsa zvinhu zvakasimba mumvura yeDI kutanga.
- • Kufefetera: Utsi hwemunzvimbo yacho huri pamusoro pematangi (kubvisa hydrogen).
- • Dambudziko: Kugeza maziso, shawa, hupfu hwakaoma/chokudzimisa CO₂, chinhu chinofema, midziyo yekuisira mvura.
12. Kudzivirirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza
- • Mvura Yakasviba: Mvura yakasviba yakasiyana; pH 9–10 + PAC/PAM; Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Marara ane njodzi: Kugeza kwakashandiswa, mafirita, activator, Ni sludge - kuraswa kwemvumo ne manifest.
- • Hutsi: Kufefetera nguva dzose; chengetedza ammonia/hydrogen pa GB 16297.
- • Simba/mvura: Vhara matangi; sukurudza nemvura inoyerera; wedzera mvura yakawanda.
13. Kuumbwa kweBath (Mid‑Phosphorus, Zvikamu Zvakajairika)
| Kemikari | Kuisa pfungwa pachinhu chimwe chete | Basa |
| NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Munyu mukuru, Ni²⁺ sosi |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Mushonga wekuderedza, P source |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 g/L | Mushonga unoomesa |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 g/L | chivharo chepH |
| Lactic/propionic acid | 5–10 mL/L | Chikurumidziso |
| Chinosimbisa (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | Inodzivirira kuora |
Gadzirisa:
1. Nyungudutsa NiSO₄, citrate, acetate mu 1/3 DI mvura, 60℃.
2. Nyungudutsa hypophosphite + lactic acid mune imwe 1/3.
3. Sanganisa, zadza kusvika pahuwandu, pH 4.8–5.2.
4. Wedzera stabilizer, kupisa kusvika 88℃, firita, plate yekuedza.
14. Kugona Kwemidziyo & Kuongorora
14.1 Midziyo mikuru
| Midziyo | Tsanangudzo |
| Tangi rekuisa plating | PP/PVC yakarongedzwa, yakadziyirwa, uye inodzora tembiricha |
| Kusefa | Pombi inodzivirira asidhi + imba, 5–10 μm, 1–3×/awa |
| Kudzora tembiricha | PID, ±1℃ |
| Ovheni yekuomesa | Mhepo inopisa, 60–120℃ |
| Muchina wekuchenesa we ultrasonic | 40 kHz, simba rinogadziriswa |
| Mvura yeDI | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Midziyo yekuongorora
| Midziyo | Kururama/Standard |
| Ukobvu hweXRF | 0–200 μm, ±0.1 μm |
| Kuomarara kudiki | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Kamuri yekupfapfaidza munyu | GB/T 10125, ≥200 L |
| Maikorosikopu yesimbi | 100–1000×, maikoromita |
| mita yepH | ± 0.02, muripo wekupisa |
| Kuenzanisa kwekuongorora | 0.01 g |
15. Magwaro & Kutevedza
- •Rekodhi yekugadzira:Nhamba yechikamu, huwandu, tembiricha, pH, nguva, ukobvu, mushandisi.
- •Chirongo chekugezera:Ni²⁺ yezuva nezuva, hypophosphite, pH; kuwedzerwa; kusefa/kuchenesa.
- •Rekodhi yekuongorora:Ukobvu, kuomarara, kunamira, chitarisiko, munyu.
- •Kugadzirisa:Kugadzirisa, kugadzirisa pombi, kubvisa chikero, kutarisa mafeni (kota yega yega).
Kuchengetedza:≥makore matatu (≥makore gumi ekushandisa mota/zvekurapa). Zvinogona kuteverwa nekufamba kwenguva.
16. Zvimwe Zvinodiwa
- • Inoongororwa gore rega rega neDhipatimendi reTechnical.
- • Zvinodiwa nevatengi (munyu, kuomarara, kugoverwa, H-embrittlement) zvakanyorwa uye zvinoteverwa.
- • Zvigadzirwa zvitsva: Kuedza kudiki kutanga; kugadzirwa kwakawanda mushure mekupasa bvunzo dzese.
- • Yekudzora kugadzirwa uye kuongororwa kwevatengi.
Nhoroondo yeKudzokorora
| Mufundisi | Zuva | Zviri mukati mekugadzirisa | Zvatenderwa na |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Kuburitswa kwekutanga | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Kugadziridzwa kwakazara kweChirungu chete | — |
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-18-2026