SA-213 T91 / UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) Pipe Yesimbi Isina Musono | Creep Resistant Core + High Alloy Cladding Yekupisa Kwakanyanya & Acid Service - Womic Steel Mufananidzo Unoratidzwa

SA-213 T91 / UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) Pipe yesimbi isina musono | Creep Resistant Core + High Alloy Cladding yeHigh Temperature & Acid Service - Womic Steel

Tsananguro pfupi:

Pombi isina musono yakabatana nesimbi – core SA 213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) ine cladding yemukati yeUNS N08028 (Alloy 28 / 1.4563). Yakagadzirwa nekupisa kunobuda, inopedzwa kutonhora, inorapwa nekupisa, uye inopikwa. Yakagadzirirwa ma boiler superheaters anonyanya kukosha, mayuniti ekudzoreredza kupisa kwemarara muzvirimwa zvine acid, ma biomass boilers ane chlorine yakawanda, uye ma heat exchangers emakemikari anodziya zvakanyanya uko simba rekukambaira uye kuramba ngura zvinosungirwa.

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Zvinhu Zvikuru (Chitsigiro)

Zvinhu Zvikuru (Chitsigiro):SA-213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) – simbi inodzivirira kukwira kwemvura ine martensitic, 9%Cr, 1%Mo, V+Nb; tembiricha yepamusoro yekushanda 650°C

Kufukidza (CRA liner):UNS N08028 (Alloy 28 / 1.4563) – austenitic high alloy (27%Cr, 31%Ni, 3.5%Mo, 1%Cu); PREN 38-40; inodzivirira sulfuric/phosphoric acid, machloride akawanda, uye nzvimbo dzine munyu

Saizi Yehukuru:OD 38 – 168 mm; Ukobvu hwemadziro epakati 4 – 15 mm; Ukobvu hwekuvhara 2.0 – 3.5 mm; urefu hwese hunosvika 15 m

Maitiro:Kupisa kunobuda → kupedzisa kunotonhora → kurapwa nekupisa (normalizing+tempering yeT91, solution annealing yeAlloy 28) → pickling. Yakatsetseka zvachose, hapana weld yakareba. Simba rekuchekerera resimbi ≥300 MPa.

Mitemo:Chikamu chechipiri cheASME Chikamu A (SA-213/SA-213M), EN10216-2 (yeT91), ASTM SB-668 (N08028), EN10088-3 (1.4563), EN12952-2, ASTM E213, ISO 10893-10.

Kuedzwa:100% hydrostatic, ultrasonic zvichienderana neASTM E213/ISO 10893-10, tensile (temperature yekamuri & yakakwira), kuomarara, flattening, pamwe nesarudzo ye intergranular corrosion test (ASTM A262 Practice E) yecladding. EN 10204 Type 3.1 certificate (Type 3.2 optional).

Mashandisirwo:Maboiler ekupedzisira anodziya zvakanyanya (650°C), maboiler ekudzorera kupisa kwetsvina mumaplants esulfuric acid, maboiler ebiomass/waste-to-energy (chlorine corrosion), maexchange ekupisa ekupisa anopisa zvakanyanya emahydrocarbon ane chlorine, maheater erefinery ane sulfur/chloride feed yakawanda.

Simbi yeWomicinopa T91+Alloy 28 clad pombi - mhinduro yekupedzisira yekudonha kwakanyanya uye ngura yakanyanya. Yakasimbiswa mukugadzira magetsi, maplant acid, uye marara epamusoro-soro. Kunyatso teverwa, kuongororwa kwevamwe vanhu kwagadzirira. Taura nesu kuti uwane ruzivo rwehunyanzvi uye mutengo wepurojekiti.

1. Sei SA-213 T91 + UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) Clad Pipe?

1.1 Dambudziko

Zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana hazvigone kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakanyanya zvebasa:

● T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1)Inopa simba guru rekupwanyika kwemvura kusvika ku650°C uye inodzivisa kuoxidation zvakanaka, asi inodzivisa kukora munzvimbo dzine acidic, high-chloride, kana sour. Flue gas condensate (sulfuric/phosphoric acid) kana process-side chloride dzinokurumidza kurwisa T91.

●Chishongo Chakasimba 28 (UNS N08028)inopa simba risingadzivisike nesulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, machloride akawanda, uye stress corrosion cracking. Zvisinei, inodhura uye haina simba rinodiwa pakushandisa boiler rine pressure yakakwira uye tembiricha yakakwira.

1.2 Mhinduro

●T91+Alloy 28 clad pipeInobatanidza pakati peT91 gobvu (inobata kumanikidzwa uye kukambaira) nechikamu chemukati cheAlloy 28 chakatetepa (2-3.5 mm) (inobata ngura). Chisungo chacho chakagadzirwa nesimbi - hapana kudonha kwe liner, hapana ngura yakatsemuka. Mugumisiro wacho:

●T91 musimbotiinovimbisa kutevedzera ASME Chikamu I / EN12952 pakupisa kwesimbi kusvika 650°C.

● Chifukidziro cheAlloy 28Inodzivirira sulfuric acid condensation, ma chloride akawanda, uye organic acids, ichidzivirira chubhu kubva mukati.

●Mutengoyakaderera ne40-60% pane chubhu yakasimba yeAlloy 28 ine chiyero chakaenzana chekumanikidzwa.

Musanganiswa uyu unoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu:

●Zvikamu zvekupedzisira zve superheater / reheatermabhoyira anopfuta marasha zvakanyanya uko ngura yegasi remupombi (nekuda kwemarasha ane sarufa yakawanda) yaiwanzoshandiswa T91 chete.

●Maboiler ekudzoreredza kupisa kwemarara (WHRB)pasi pemiti yesulfuric acid - gasi iri rine SO₃, uye panguva yemakambani matsva, acid inoungana pamusoro pemachubhu.

●Mabhoyira eBiomass / marara ekuisa simba– chlorine yakawanda mumafuta inokonzera ngura yakanyanya; Chifukidziro cheAlloy 28 parutivi rwemoto (kana kuti rutivi rwemukati, zvichienderana nehurongwa) chinoita kuti chubhu igare kwenguva refu zvakanyanya.

●Zvinochinja-chinja kupisa zvakanyanyapamaitiro emakemikari anosanganisira chlorinated hydrocarbons kana hot acids.

1.3 Nzira Yekugadzira

Kupisa kunobuda + kupedzisa kuchitonhora + kurapwa nekupisa + kusvina. Maitiro aya anoita kuti chubhu isapinda musono isina misono ye weld yakareba, nzvimbo inonyanya kukundikana mupaipi yakasungirirwa ine simba rekupisa.

2. Magadzirirwo Ezvinhu - T91 Core & Alloy 28 Cladding

2.1 Kuumbwa kweMakemikoro (% nehuremu)

Chinhu	SA 213 T91 (Musoro)	UNS N08028 (Alloy 28 / Cladding)
Kabhoni (C)	0.08 – 0.12	≤0.03
Silikoni (Si)	0.20 – 0.50	≤0.50
Manganese (Mn)	0.30 – 0.60	≤2.00
Phosphorus (P)	≤0.020	≤0.030
Sarufa (S)	≤0.010	≤0.015
Chromium (Cr)	8.0 – 9.5	26.0 – 28.0
Molybdenum (Mo)	0.85 – 1.05	3.0 – 4.0
Nickel (Ni)	≤0.40	29.0 – 32.0
Mhangura (Cu)	—	0.6 – 1.4
Vanadium (V)	0.18 – 0.25	—
Niobium (Nb)	0.06 – 0.10	—
Nitrogen (N)	0.03 – 0.07	—
Simbi (Fe)	Kuenzana	Kuenzana

T91 isimbi inodzivirira kukambaira kwemartensitic; Alloy 28 isimbi ine alloy yakawanda ine Cr, Ni, Mo, uye Cu yakakwira - ichipa kusimba kwakanyanya pakuderedza uye oxidizing acids, chloride pitting, uye SSC.

2.2 Zvimiro zveMichina (Kupisa Kwemukamuri)

Pfuma	T91 Core	Chivharo cheAlloy 28
Simba reKubereka (min, MPa)	415	220
Simba reKusimba (min, MPa)	585	500
Kureba (min, %)	20	30
Kuoma (kwakanyanya)	250 HB	230 HB

2.3 Simba reKukwira kweTembiricha Yakanyanya (T91 Core)

Tembiricha (°C)	Simba reKuputika kwe100,000h (MPa)	Muganho weKudonha kwe0.2% (MPa)
550	150	120
580	120	95
600	100	80
620	80	60
650	55	40

Alloy 28 haina kuitirwa kutakura mutoro pakupisa kwakanyanya; basa rayo nderekudzivirira ngura chete. T91 core inotakura mutoro wemakanika.

2.4 Kuramba Kuora kweAlloy 28 Cladding

Zvakatipoteredza	Nhanho yeKuramba
Sulfuric acid (0-80% yakawanda, kusvika 80°C)	Zvakanakisa
Phosphoric acid (huwandu hwese)	Zvakanakisa
Hydrochloric acid (inonyungudutsa, tembiricha yemukamuri)	Kugona
Machloride (gomba / muromo)	PREN 38-40; tembiricha yakakosha yegomba (CPT) ~50°C
H₂S + CO₂ + chloride (basa rakaoma)	Yakanaka kwazvo; NACE MR0175 inoenderana nezvinodiwa
Organic acids (acetic, formic, nezvimwewo)	Zvakanakisa

*Alloy 28 inoshanda zvakanaka kupfuura 316L, 904L, uye kunyange 254SMO mumisanganiswa yakawanda yeacid + chloride.*

2.5 Chibvumirano Chekubatanidza

Pfuma	Kukosha
Rudzi rwechisungo	Metallurgical (kupararira)
Simba rekuchekerera (bvisa)	≥300 MPa (inovimbisa kuti hapana delamination pasi pekupisa)
Muganho wekukanganisa unogamuchirwa neUT	Hapana kupatsanurwa >50 mm; kupatsanurwa kwese <2% yenzvimbo yekubatanidza

2.6 Dimensional Range

OD (mm)	Huremu hwepakati (mm)	Kurema kwekuvhara (mm)	Kureba Kwakakura (m)
38.1	4.0 – 8.0	2.0 – 2.5	15
44.5	5.0 – 8.0	2.0 – 2.8	15
51.0	5.0 – 10.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
63.5	5.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
76.2	6.0 – 12.0	2.2 – 3.0	15
88.9	6.0 – 12.0	2.5 – 3.2	15
101.6	6.0 – 12.0	2.5 – 3.5	15
114.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12
141.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12
168.3	10.0 – 15.0	3.0 – 3.5	12

*OD yakakura (kusvika 500 mm) inogoneka ne hot roll bonding + JCOE; bata kuti uwane kana iripo.*

3. Maitiro Ekugadzira - Kupisa Kunobuda, Kupedza Kutonhora, Kurapa Kupisa, Kutora Pickling

Nzira yekugadzira inotarisa zvakananga zvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekurapa kupisa zvemartensitic T91 uye austenitic Alloy 28.

Nhanho	Tsananguro	Nzvimbo Dzekudzora
1. Chikamu chebhiri chakasanganiswa	T91 billet bored, Alloy 28 tube insert. Vacuum yakavharwa (<10 Pa).	Kuchena kwepamusoro; kuchena kwemukati
2. Kupisa kunopisa	1180-1220°C, chiyero chekuderedza ≥8:1.	Tembiricha, kumhanya, mafuta ekuzora
3. Kutonhodza mhepo	Mushure mekubuda kwemhepo, mhepo inotonhorera muchubhu (kuchinja kwemartensitic kunotanga).	Mwero wekutonhora
4. Kupedzisa kunotonhora	Kudhirowa / kufamba-famba kunotonhora kusvika pahukuru hwekupedzisira.	Mapasi akawanda, anneal yepakati (nyorovesa Alloy 28).
5. Kurapa kupisa (kwakakosha)	Kugadzirisa pa1040-1060°C (mhepo kana kutonhora nekukurumidza) + kudzikamisa pa760-780°C. Izvi zvinozadzisa chimiro chekupedzisira cheT91 microstructure (yakanyoroveswa martensite). Panguva imwe chete, chifukidziro cheAlloy 28 chinonamirwa.	Rekodhi yevira, bvunzo yekuoma
6. Kusakura	HNO₃+HF bath inobvisa oxide scale kubva paT91 neAlloy 28.	Nguva, tembiricha, kuwanda kweasidhi
7. Ruramisa & cheka	Sekureva kwehurefu hwekupedzisira.	Kutwasuka ≤1.5mm/m
8. NDT & hydro	Pachikamu chechina	Kunyatso teverwa
9. Pedzisa kupedzisa	Bevel / plain; bota risingasarudzike (Alloy 625 kana Alloy 28 filler pachiso chebevel).	Yakaenzana

Hunhu hwepamusoro:Kurapa kupisa uku kunoita kuti T91 core ive nesimba rakakodzera rekukwira uye Alloy 28 cladding ine simba rakazara rekudzivirira ngura, zvese izvi zvichiitika panguva imwe chete.

4. Kuongorora & Kuedza - Kuzadzisa Zvinodiwa zveASME, EN, uye Mutengi

Pamapaipi ane T91+Alloy 28, tinoshandisa chirongwa chakasimba, kusanganisira bvunzo dzakakodzera basa rekupisa kwakanyanya.

Bvunzo	Zvakajairika	Chikamu	Kugamuchira
Kuongorora makemikari	OES	Kupisa kwega kwega (pakati & cladding)	ASME SA-213 T91, ASTM SB-668
Ultrasonic (yakareba & chisungo)	ASTM E213 + ISO 10893-10	100%	Hapana chikanganiso chinorambwa, kuvimbika kwechisungo
Kuedzwa kwemvura	ASME SA-450 / EN12952-2	Chubhu yega yega	Hapana kubuda kwemvura, kuwedzera zvachose kwakanaka
Kusimba (tembiricha yemukamuri)	ASME / EN	Pakupisa (pakati)	T91: YS≥415 MPa, TS≥585 MPa
Kusimba kwekupisa kwakanyanya	600°C (sarudzo)	Pakupisa kwega kwega	Zvichataurwa (kwete zvishoma)
Kuyedzwa kwekuputika kwemudumbu	600°C kana 650°C	Pakukumbira kwega kwega	Sarudzo; kuchajwa zvakasiyana
Kuoma (pakati & cladding)	HV10	Batch	T91 ≤250 HV; Chiwanikwa 28 ≤230 HV
Bvunzo rekuti "flattening"	SA 450	Pakupisa / saizi	Hapana mitswe pakumanikidzwa kwe2/3 OD
Kuora kwepakati pegranular	ASTM A262 Dzidzira E (paAlloy 28)	Paboka rega rega (sarudzo)	Hapana kurwiswa kwepakati pegranular
PMI (XRF)	Kuzivikanwa kwezvinhu zvakanaka	Chubhu yega yega (sarudzo)	Simbisa giredhi re alloy

Magwaro:EN 10204 Rudzi 3.1. Rudzi 3.2 rune muongorori wechitatu (SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV nezvimwewo) zviripo.

5. Zvikumbiro Zvakadzama

5.1 Boiler Yekupedzisira Inodziya Zvikuru/Inodziisazve

Dambudziko:Gasi remvura rine sarufa yakawanda rine SO₃ iyo, kana yave kurema zvishoma kana kuti yatanga, inoumbana se sulfuric acid pamusoro pemachubhu. Standard T91 ine maburi uye inorasika.
Mhinduro:Pombi yeT91+Alloy 28 ine Alloy 28 parutivi rwemoto (kana mukati kana paine nzira mbiri). Chikamu cheT91 chinochengetedza simba rekukwira pa600-620°C; Alloy 28 inodzivirira kurwiswa neacid. Mafekitori emagetsi akati wandei ekuChina nekuEurope akatoshandisa dhizaini iyi.

5.2 Boiler Yekudzoreredza Kupisa Kwakaora Mumiti yeSulfuric Acid

Maitiro:Gasi rinopisa (600°C, rine SO₂, SO₃) rinopinda muboiler rinopisa marara kuti ribudise utsi. Panguva yekudzima, SO₃ inosanganiswa nehunyoro kuti igadzire sulfuric acid yakawanda, iyo inoungana pamachubhu anotonhora.
Mhinduro:Chifukidziro cheAlloy 28 parutivi rwegasi (OD) kana ID zvichienderana nekugadzirwa. T91 inopa kudzivirira kukwira kwemvura kunodiwa. Musanganiswa uyu wava kushandiswa mumiti mitsva yakawanda yesulfuric acid.

5.3 Mabhoira eBiomass / Marara ekuisa Simba

Dambudziko:Biomass (huswa, zvimedu zvehuni, mafuta anobva mumarara) ine chlorine (KCl, NaCl). Pa500-600°C, chlorine gasi uye chlorides zvinoparadza zvakanyanya alloys dzemazuva ano, zvichiita iron chloride uye kurasikirwa nesimbi nekukurumidza.
Mhinduro:Chifukidziro cheAlloy 28 (high Ni, Mo, Cr) chinodzivirira kurwiswa kwechlorine. T91 core inochengetedza kusimba kwebhoyira. Vashandi vanoti hupenyu hwemachubhu hwakawedzera kubva pagore 1-2 kusvika makore 6-8 mushure mekushandura machubhu akaputirwa.

5.4 Zvishandiso zvekupisa zvakanyanya zvemahydrocarbon ane Chlorinated

Muenzaniso:Mumafekitori evinyl chloride monomer (VCM), magasi ekugadzira ane chlorinated organics uye HCl pa400-450°C. Simbi isingatsvi (304L) inokundikana nekuisa pitting uye SCC. Alloy 28 cladding inopa resistance yakanyanya. T91 core inopa simba rinodiwa uye resistance inokwira.

6. Mabhenefiti Pamusoro Pemagadzirirwo Anokwikwidzana

Imwe nzira	Nei T91+Alloy 28 iri nani
Chubhu yeT91 yakasimba	Inogona kukanganiswa nekuumbwa kweasidhi, kupwanywa kwegomba, uye kurwiswa kwechloride. Inotsiviwa kakawanda.
Chirongo chakasimba cheAlloy 28 chubhu	Zvinodhura zvakanyanya; kusimba kwegoho shoma kunokonzeresa rusvingo rwakakora, zvichiwedzera mutengo nehuremu.
T91 ine weld overlay yeAlloy 28	Kufukidza kunodhura, kunononoka, uye kunonetsa kuisa zvakaenzana pamachubhu madiki; zvinogona kukonzera kusanganiswa kwesimbi. Kubvisa simbi kunoita kuti simbi ifukidzwe zvakaenzana pamutengo wakaderera.
Pombi yakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi	Liner inodonha kana paine kupisa kwakanyanya (zvinowanzoitwa nemaboiler) - hazvigamuchirwi pakupisa kwakanyanya.
Pombi yakaputirwa neAlloy 625	Alloy 625 inodhura kupfuura Alloy 28 uye inogona kunge yakanyanya kutsanangurwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzine acid. Alloy 28 inopa chiyero chakanaka chekushanda kwemari.

Kuchengetedza mari:Kana tichienzanisa nepaipi yakasimba yeAlloy 28 ine chiyero chakafanana chekumanikidzwa, paipi yakavharirwa yeT91+Alloy 28 inoderedza mutengo wezvinhu ne50-60%(nekuti T91 ine simba rakawanda, zvichiita kuti madziro akatetepa, uye alloy inoshandiswa chete sejira rakatetepa).

7. Kuvimbisa Hunhu Uye Kutevedza

●Kutevedzana:Zvese T91 neAlloy 28 heats zvinonyorwa uye zvinodhindwa pachubhu yega yega yapera. Zvitupa zvese zvemutengesi (3.1) zvinochengetwa.

● Kudzora maitiro:Kupisa kwekubuda kwemvura, kumhanya kwekubuda kwemvura, machati ekurapa kupisa, maparamita ekugeza epickling zvese zvakanyorwa.

● Kuongorora kwevamwe:Isu tinopa rubatsiro kuSGS, BV, DNV, TÜV, kana ABS padanho ripi zvaro (kugamuchira zvinhu, kubvisa, NDT yekupedzisira). EN 10204 Type 3.2 certificates dzakapihwa zvinoenderana.

8. Kurongedza & Kutumira

●Mamiriro epamusoro:Yakabikwa muhari uye yakanyoroveswa - yagadzirira kuiswa. Kuzora mafuta ekunze kunosarudzwa.

●Dziviriro yekupedzisira:Zvivharo zvepurasitiki (zvivharo zvesimbi zviripo zvemadhayamita makuru).

●Boka:Dhayamita diki (<88.9 mm) dzakaiswa muzvikamu zvehex zvine matanda ekucheka. Dhayamita hombe dzakaiswa imwe neimwe.

●Mudziyo:Matangi ane 20′ kana 40′. Kana akareba kupfuura 12m, vhura pamusoro kana kuti furati rakati sandara.

●Nguva yekutungamira:Odha yekutanga mavhiki 16-20 (nekuda kwekutsvaga alloy kwakakosha). Dzokorora odha mavhiki 12-14. Zvikamu zvekuedza (100 kusvika 200 m) zvinogona kukurumidza - bvunza.

9. Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa (Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa) - T91+Alloy 28 Clad Pipe

Mubvunzo 1: Ndeipi tembiricha yepamusoro yebasa repombi iyi yakaputirwa?
A: Nheyo yeT91 inoongororwa pakupisa kwesimbi kusvika ku650°C(1202°F) pachikamu cheASME I (simba rekufamba rinotonga). Chifukidziro cheAlloy 28 chinogona kutsungirira tembiricha yakafanana, asi kuramba kwayo ngura kunogona kuderedzwa kupfuura 450°C kana nharaunda yacho ichipisa zvakanyanya. Kune akawanda mashandisirwo ebhoyira (600-620°C), ese ari maviri anogamuchirwa.

Mubvunzo wechipiri: Ko Alloy 28 yakakodzera here sulfuric acid yakawanda?
A: Ehe. Alloy 28 inodzivirira zvakanyanya sulfuric acid kusvika 80% uye tembiricha inosvika 80°C. Mumaboilers ekupisa marara, acid condensate inowanzo kuve 60-70% H₂SO₄ pasi pe200°C - Alloy 28 inoshanda zvakanaka kwazvo.

Mubvunzo wechitatu: Tinogona here kudzosera ma layers - kuisa Alloy 28 paOD uye T91 paID?
A: Ehe, kana njodzi yekuora iri kubva kunze (semuenzaniso, gasi rekunze rinoyerera). Tinogona kugadzira pombi dzakaputirwa dzine CRA layer padhayamita yekunze. Ndapota tsanangurai nzira yakanangana nayo.

Mubvunzo wechina: Munoita bvunzo dzekudhonza kana kukwesha tembiricha yepamusoro here?
A: Hatiwanzovaisa, asi tinogona kuronga kuti vatore sampuli shoma dzinotorwa kubva muchubhu yakaburitswa (inoparadza) nemutengo wekuwedzera. Kune bvunzo dzevamwe vanhu vakaonekwa, ndapota bvumirai nguva yakawedzerwa (mavhiki mana kusvika matanhatu) uye mutengo.

Mubvunzo 5: Ndeipi simbi yekuzadza inofanira kushandiswa pakusanganisa mapaipi ane T91+Alloy 28?
A: Pakupinza midzi (kufukidza jira), shandisa Alloy 625 (ERNiCrMo-3) kana Alloy 59 filler. Pakupinza jira (core T91 kusvika T91), shandisai T91 filler inoenderana (E9015-B9 kana yakafanana). Tinokurudzira nzira yekuwelda yakakodzera (WPS) yejoini yega yega yemunda; Womic inogona kupa muenzaniso weWPS kana yakumbirwa.

Mubvunzo wechitanhatu: Ko chifukidziro cheAlloy 28 chinoenderana neNACE MR0175 here kana chikashandiswa zvisina kunaka?
A: Ehe. Alloy 28 (UNS N08028) yakanyorwa muNACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 kusvika ku450°C munzvimbo dzine dambudziko. Inodzivirira SSC neHIC. Inogona kushandiswa muH₂S yakakwira.

Mubvunzo wechinomwe: Pombi yakaputirwa inowanikwa here ine magumo akachekwa uye CRA bota?
A: Ehe. Kona ye bevel yakajairika 30-35° ine 1.6 mm yekumhara. Tinogona kuisa buttering layer (Alloy 28 kana Alloy 625) pamusoro pe bevel, ukobvu hunenge 2-3 mm, kudzivirira kusanganiswa kwe cladding panguva yekusonera munda.

Mubvunzo wechisere: Ndedzipi OD dzakajairika uye ukobvu hwemadziro emachubhu ebhoyira ebiomass?
A: OD yakajairika 51-76 mm, huremu hwepakati 5-8 mm, cladding 2-2.5 mm. Ndapota taurai nesu kana muchida divi renyu.

Mubvunzo 9: Kutora kabhoni kubva kuT91 kuenda kuAlloy 28 panguva yekubuda kwemhepo inyaya here?
A: Kwete. Maitiro ekubvisa tsvina anoumba nzvimbo yakamanikana kwazvo yekupararira (kazhinji 5-10 μm). Musanganiswa weAlloy 28 unoramba uri mukati mezvinodiwa; tinosimbisa nePMI. Njodzi yekunzwa haina kukosha.

Mubvunzo 10: Munogona here kupa zvitupa zveEN 10204 Type 3.2 zvepombi iyi yakaputirwa?
A: Ehe. Tinogona kuronga kuongororwa kwevamwe vanhu neTÜV, BV, DNV, kana SGS. Ndapota ratidzai nguva yekuraira.